3.bhAratIya lipiyAz Ora unakI visheSatA (@NEdhTh-@chwAphThES @phSEV-@chwAphThES @chONThENThsh)

3.1  varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI 
3.2  akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI 
	3.2.1  saMyuktAkSara 
	3.2.2  saMyuktAkSara va mAtrAez 
	3.2.3  'ra' ke liye visheSa niyama 
3.3  anusvAra kA prayoga 
3.4  anya bAteM 



3.1 varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI ([3.2] [Uph])

bhAratIya bhASAoM meM saMgaNaka para kArya karane ke liye unakI lipiyoM kI buniyAdI
samajha Avashyaka HE. varNaM mAlA meM do prakAra ke varNa Hote HEM: svara va
vyaMjana. vyaMjana ve varNa HEM jinHeM binA svara kI saHAyatA se uccArita naHIM
kiyA jA sakatA, jabaki svaroM kA uccAraNa svatantra rUpa se yA vyaMjana ke sAtha
joDakara kiyA jA sakatA HE. yadi Hama uccArita HonevAlI dhvaniyoM ko kramabadhda
tarIke se vyaMjana va svara varNoM kI saHAyatA se likhe to pAyeMge kucha EsA:

  ka ma lA = k_ + a + m_ + a + l_ + A

yaHAz para, pratyeka vyaMjana evaM svara ko alaga alaga likhA gayA HE. isa likhane
ke tarIke meM visheSatA yaHa HE ki isameM varNAkSara uccAraNa krama ke anusAra
likhe gaye HE tathA vyaMjana Ora svaroM kA HI upayoga kiyA gayA HE. jaba shabda meM
uccArita dhvaniyoM ko varNoM dvArA uccAraNa krama meM likhA jAtA HE taba
isa padhdati ko varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI (alpHabeTical @noTaTion) kaHate HEM.

varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI samajhane meM sarala HotI HE tathA yaHa svAbhAvika paHalA
kadama HE. yaHa TaMkaNa (Typing) ke liye bhI upayukta HE parantu isameM likhanA
jyAdA paDatA HE jisake kAraNa likhane meM samaya jyAdA lagatA HE tathA kAgaja
jyAdA kharca HotA HE. aMgrejI ke liye romana lipi eka varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI
HE. @FOOThNOThE{aMgrejI meM varNa va dhvani meM abheda saMbaMdha na Hone se, jo
kaThinAiyAz AtI HE, vaHa eka pRthaka bAta HE. usakA saMbaMdha varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI
se naHIM HE.}



3.2 akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI ([3.3] [3.2.1] [3.1] [Uph])

varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI kI uparokta kamiyoM ko dUra karane ke liye bhAratIya
bhASAoM meM akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI (syllabic @noTaTion) kA vikAsa kiyA
gayA HE. isake antargata vyaMjana va saMbaMdhita svaroM ko sAtha milAkara likhA jAtA
HE. kucha sarala udAHaraNa HEM:-

  varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI	 akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI
  k_ + a		= ka
  m_ + a		= ma

isameM mukhya bAta yaHa HE ki vyaMjana ke sAtha `a' svara ke liye eka "sarala"
akSara banA diyA gayA. udAHaraNArtha: yaHAz `ka' pratIka HE eka sarala akSara kA
jo 'k' vyaMjana va akArAnta svara ke milane se banA HE (k_ + a = ka).
isa ciHnAvalI ke antargata mAtrAoM kA vikAsa HuA. yadi vyaMjana ke bAda
`a' ke atirikta koI anya svara AtA HE to akSara para eka choTA sA visheSa
ciHna lagA diyA jAtA HE jo usa svara kA dyotaka HE. isI ciHna ko svara kI
mAtrA kaHate HE. jaba vyaMjana ke bAda `a' svara AtA HE to kisI bhI nishAna kI
AvashyakatA naHIM HE. udAHaraNArtha,

  varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI            akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI
				 (mAtrA alaga se pradarshita)
  kI: k_ + I			= ka + I
  ku: k_ + u			= ka + u
  ka: k_ + a			= ka
  kaI: k_ + a + I		= ka + I

uparokta meM gOra kIjiye `kI' va `kaI' ke antara ko.

ataw, mAtrAoM ko akSara para aMkita kiyA jAtA HE cAHe akSara sarala Ho yA
saMyukta. Hara mAtrA ko lagAne ke liye vishiSTa sthAna HEM, jo ki akSara
ke cAroM ora HEM. jEse:-

            3 (e,E)
       |-------------|
     1 |   akSara     | 2
  (i)  |             | (A,I,o,O)
       |-------------|
            4 (u,U)

akSara ke bAyIz ora 'i' kI mAtrA (i) AtI HE, isI prakAra se 'e' va 'E'
mAtrAez Upara AtI HEM, ityAdi. yaHa tarIkA, Hasta lekhana ke liye ati lAbhaprada
HE. paraMtu TaMkaNa kI dRSTi se kucha kaThinAiyAM AtI HEM, jinakA ullekha Hama
bAda meM kareMge. itanA karane se likhanA baHuta sarala va saMkSipta (compacT)
Ho jAtA HE. HAz, sIkhane kI dRSTi se thoDI sI meHanata jyAdA HE, cUMki
aba mAtrAoM ko bhI sIkhanA paDatA HE. @FOOThNOThE{saMyuktAkSaroM ke prayoga
se lipi Ora adhika saMkSipta Ho jAtI HE, parantu sAtha HI unako bhI sIkhanA
paDatA HE. isa para carcA bAda meM.}

isa AviSkAra kA eka pariNAma yaHa HE ki aba sarala akSara meM 'a' kI anupasthiti
pradarshita karane ke liye eka visheSa mAtrA lagAnI paDatI HE, jise Hama Halanta
kaHate HE. udAHaraNArtha, `kyA' shabda meM `ka' akSara para Halanta lagAnA paDatA HE:

  varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI           akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI
				(mAtrA alaga se pradarshita)
  kyA: k_ + y_ + A		= ka + _ + ya + A



3.2.1 saMyuktAkSara ([3.3] [3.2] [3.2.2] [Uph])

dUsarI mukhya bAta yaHa HE ki jaba kisI shabda meM vyaMjana eka ke bAda eka Ate HEM
taba unHeM eka sAtha joDakara likhA jAtA HE jise saMyuktAkSara bhI kaHate HE. Age
AnevAle svara ke anurUpa mAtrA isI saMyuktAkSara para lagatI HE. udAraHaraNArtha,
`kyA' shabda meM shuddha vyaMjana `ka' tathA `ya' HE jinHeM bAyeM se dAyeM
joDakara `kya' saMyuktAkSara banAyA jAtA HE. tatapashcAta sAdhAraNa niyama ke anusAra
usa para `A' kI mAtrA lagAI jAtI HE.

      varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI	akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI
                                (saMyuktAkSara saHita)
  kyA: k_ + y_ + A		= ky_ + A = kya + A



3.2.2 saMyuktAkSara va mAtrAez ([3.3] [3.2] [3.2.3] [3.2.1] [Uph])

akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI meM mAtrA lagAne kA niyama sarala va saMyukta akSara,
donoM para lagatA HE. isI taraHa `i' kI mAtrA pUre saMyuktAkSara para lagatI HE,
jisa kAraNavasha mAtrA saMyuktAkSara ke bAyIM ora likhI jAtI HE. udAHaraNa ke
liye dekhiye `smi':

  tasmin_: t_ + a + s_ + m + i + n (varNAtmaka ciHnAvalI)
	= ta + sma + i + n_     (akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI - mAtrA alaga se)
	= ta + smi + n_	(akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI)

'i' mAtrA 'ma' ke bAyeM ora naHIM, balki saMyuktAkSara 'sma' ke bAyeM ora
lagatI HE, jo niyamAnusAra HE. (isa niyama ko ThIka se na samajhane ke kAraNa kaHIM
kaHIM para yaHa paDhane ko milatA HE ki HamArI bhASAoz kI lipiyAz niyamAnusAra naHIz
HEM. yaHa bAta saHI naHIM HE, tathA ajFAnatAvasha likhI gaI HE.)

  ------------------------------------------------------------
  @I mAtrAoM ko lagAne kA niyama:-
     Hara mAtrA ko akSara para lagAne kA eka vishiSTa sthAna HotA HE, jo akSara
  ke irda-girda HotA HE:- bAyez, dAyez, Upara, va nIce. yaHa niyama sabhI akSaroM
  para lAgU HotA HE, akSara sarala Ho yA saMyukta.
  ------------------------------------------------------------

vyaMjanoM ko joDakara saMyuktAkSara banAne ke liye bhI sarala kintu visheSa
niyama HEM:- vyaMjanoM ko bAyeM se dAyeM, yA Upara se nIce kI ora joDA jAtA
HE. jisameM krama meM paHalA vyaMjana bAyIM ora yA Upara kI ora HotA HE. bAyeM
se dAyeM ke udAHaraNa Hama dekha HI cuke HEM (jEse, 'kya'), Upara se nIce ke 
udAHaraNa nIce diye Hue HEM:-

  siddha:- s_ + i + d_ + dh_ + a = sa + i + ddha 
                            = si + ddha
  viTThala:-  v + i + T + Th + a + l + a = va + i + TTha + la 
                                        = vi + TTha + la
  dvAdasha:- da + _ + va + A + da + sha        = dvA + da + sha
  padmanAbha:- p + a + d + m + a + n + A + bh + a = pa + dma + nA + bha

uparokta meM cUzki 'd' ke pashcAt 'dh' AtA HE, ataw 'da' Upara va 'dha'
nIce likhA jAtA HE. (chapAI meM kabhI kabhI 'dha', 'da' ke bAyIM ora pratIta HotA
HE, isase bhrama Ho sakatA HE ki bhAratIya lipiyAz niyamAnusAra naHIM HEM. paraMtu yaHa
samajha meM Ate HI ki akSara Upara se nIce nishcita niyama se likhe jAte HE,
yaHa bhrama dUra Ho jAtA HE.)

saMyuktAkSara banAte samaya, dvitIya vyaMjana ke ciHna ko dAyIM ora likhA jAya yA
nIce, yaHa isa bAta para nirbhara karatA HE ki una vyaMjanoM kA rUpa kEsA HE. rUpa
ke anusAra HI unHeM ucita tarIke se joDane meM AsAnI HotI HE. yadi donoM
vyaMjanoM ke ciHnoM meM khaDI-pAI (A) naHIM HE to dvitIya ko prathama ke nIce
likhA jAtA HE, jEse 'TTha'. (yadi kisI phOMTa meM, Upara-nIce likhane ke
sImita ciHna HEM, to unameM Halanta kI saHAyatA lI jAtI HE.)

  ------------------------------------------------------------
  @II saMyuktAkSara banAne kA niyama:-
     do vyaMjanoM ko joDakara saMyuktAkSara banAne kA niyama HE:- bAyeM se 
  dAyeM, va Upara se nIce. kOnasA tarIkA kAma meM liyA jAya, yaHa vyaMjanoM ke
  rUpa para nirbhara karatA HE.
  ------------------------------------------------------------



3.2.3 'ra' ke liye visheSa niyama ([3.3] [3.2] [3.2.2] [Uph])

`ra' ke sAtha kucha visheSa niyama HE jo saMkSiptatA kI dRSTi se banAye gaye
HEM. agara `ra' se paHale koI vyaMjana HE tathA bAda meM svara HE to saMyuktAkSara
banAte samaya vyaMjana ke nIce eka visheSa ciHna lagA diyA jAtA HE:-

  Traka: T_ + r_ + a + k + a = Tra + ka
  prakAra: p_ + r_ + a + kA + ra = pra + kA + ra

isI prakAra yadi `ra' ke bAda vyaMjana HE to usa vyaMjana ke Upara eka visheSa
ciHna lagA diyA jAtA HE:

  parva: p_ + a + r_ + v + a = pa + rva



3.3 anusvAra kA prayoga ([3.4] [3.2] [Uph])

HamArI lipi meM eka Ora tarIkA HE saMkSiptatA se likhane kA:- yaHa HE anusvAra
kA prayoga. pratyeka vyaMjana ke varga meM antima vyaMjana ke liye, anusvAra
(M) kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA HE, jEse:-

  antima = aMtima




3.4 anya bAteM ([3.3] [Uph])

yaHAz yaHa kaHanA Avashyaka HE ki bhASA ki dRSTi se shudhda vyaMjana va shudhda svara
ke mAdhyama se HI vishleSaNa karanA saHI HE. @IshchII mAnakAnusAra kampyUTara meM
Antarika tOra para akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI meM HI lekha rakhA jAtA HE. usameM
mAtrAez bhI shAmila HEM. paraMtu bhASA saMsAdhana ke liye, unako HaTAkara shudhda
vyaMjana va svara meM AsAnI se parivartita kiyA jA sakatA HE.

anusvAra kI taraHa ke niyama anya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhI HEM. eka sI varNaM
vyavasthA tathA akSarAtmaka lipi Hone se sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM eka samAnatA
HE. kisI eka bhASA kI lipi kA kampyUTarIkaraNa Hone para anya bhAratIya bhASAoM
kA kampyUTarIkaraNa AsAna HE. jo takanIka eka para lagAI gaI Ho, vaHa dUsarI bhASAoM
ke kampyUTarIkaraNa meM bhI kAma meM A sakatI HE. jEse jisTa prOdyogikI
kampyUTara para sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM kI lipiyoM meM eka sAtha kArya karatI HE.

kampyUTara meM TaMkaNa (Type) karane ke liye kuMjIpaTala (keyboarD) kA prayoga
kiyA jAtA HE, jisakA @Design HamArI uzgaliyoM ke AkAra va HAtha kI laMbAI para
nirbhara karatA HE. ataw kuMjiyoM kI banAvaTa va AkAra meM atyadhika parivartana naHI
Ho sakatA. jyAdA kuMjiyAz Hone para kuMjiyoM ko DhUMDhanA va yAda rakhanA kaThina
Ho jAtA HE. ataw eka saMyuktAkSara ko eka HI kuMjI se TaMkaNa karanA mushkila
va alAbhaprada HE. ina saba ko dekhate Hue acchA Ho agara Hama TaMkaNa to varNAtmaka
ciHnAvalI meM kara sakeM, para kampyUTara @screen para paricita akSarAtmaka
ciHnAvalI dIkha paDe. isI ko AdhAra mAnakara isa prOdyogikI kA saphala vikAsa
kiyA gayA HE. paraMtu yaHa Avashyaka HE ki Hama varNAtmaka va akSarAtmaka ciHnAvalI
meM pArasparika saMbaMdha ko samajheM.

kampyUTara ke Ane se pUrva bane mashInI TAiparAiTara para TaMkaNa karane meM anekoM
kaThinAiyAz AtI HEM. paHalI to yaHa ki yadi Hama cAHate HEM ki TAipa kI HuI
sAmagrI akSarAtmaka-ciHnAvalI meM dikhe, to usI ciHnAvalI meM use TAipa
karanA anivArya HE. ataw saMyuktAkSara saHita anekoM ciHnoM ko kuMjIpaTala
para yAda rakhanA paDatA thA. dUsarA, cUzki mAtrAez akSara ke cAroM ora A sakatI
HEM, ataw EsI mashIna banAnA to jaTila kArya thA HI, sAtha HI @ouTpuT suMdara naHIM
dikhatA thA. ye saba kamiyAz kampyUTara ke Agamana se sAmApta Ho gaI HEM.

mana meM yaHa prashna bhI uTha sakatA HE ki TaMkaNa ke lie yadi varNAtmaka lipi ko
mAna liyA jAtA to ye sArI pareshAniyAz dUra Ho jAtI. paraMtu cUzki Hasta
lekhana meM akSarAtmaka lipi pracalita thI, ataw varNAtmaka lipi kA upayoga
karane kA socA naHIM gayA. yaHa eka udAHaraNa HE, jaHAz eka beHatara vijFAna Hone
ke kAraNa, prOdyogikI kA upayoga naHIM kiyA gayA kyoMki vaHa abhI usa stara
para naHIM paHuzcI thI. shAyada isI kAraNavasha chApAkhAne kA bhI pracalana naHIM HuA.
ina prOdyogikI ko upayoga meM na lAne se jo HameM HAni HuI vaHa sarva-vidita
HE. shAyada yaHa bhI eka kAraNa thA ki yUropa Hama se vijFAna meM Age nikala gayA.
ina bAtoM ke bAre meM aba kevala anumAna HI lagAyA jA sakatA HE, nishcita
rUpa se kucha kaHanA kaThina HE.

# @M1 @MOVE @ThwE @FOLLOthINgh @ThO @AN @AphphSOphSIAThE @phOINTh @EASLIES

isake antargata pratyeka svarAnta @syllable ke liye eka ciHna kA
upayoga HotA HE jise akSara kaHate HEM. svarAnta @syllable se artha HE shUnya
yA adhika vyaMjanoM ke bAda svara se milakara banane vAlA varNa-krama. udAHaraNa ke
liye, nimnalikhita varNa-krama meM svarAMta-@syllable HEM:-

  k + a
  kh + y + A

shabda ke anta meM, antima vyaMjanoM ke krama meM svara na Hone para bhI
use akSara ke rUpa meM likha sakate HEM. ataw, akSara eka yA adhika varNoM ko
pradarshita karatA HE. paraMtu eka aHam bAta yaHa HE ki akSara kA AkAra, vyaMjana
va mAtrAoM ke AkAra se milakara banatA HE ataw inHeM sIkhanA AsAna HE. (kucha
visheSa akSaroM ko choDakara, jEse 'kSa'.) EtiHAsika dRSTi se isa taraHa kI
yOgika (composiTional) @syllabic-ciHnAvalI, eka krAnti se kama naHIM
HE. yaHI HamArI paricita Adhunika lipi HE.

# @ENDh @M1