30. (@NEXT-@CHAPTER @PREV-@CHAPTER @CONTENTS)
30.1 bhUmikA
30.2 @Format
30.3 shabda kI @entry
30.3.1 eka HI shabda
30.3.2 saMbaMdhita @substitutable shabda
30.3.3 saMbaMdhita paraMtu @non-@substitutable shabda
30.3.4 asaMbaMdhita shabda
30.3.5 bhinna shabda-koTiyAz
30.3.6 apracalita artha
30.3.7 bIja artha va pallavita artha
30.4 shabdoM ke rUpa
30.5 bAHarI (non-@native) shabda
30.6 visheSa ciHna
30.7 aMko se saMbaMdhita shabda
30.8 sAmAnya phala-phUloM ke nAma
anusAraka ke liye dvibhASI shabda-kosha
30.1 bhUmikA ([30.2] [UP])
anusAraka ke liye bane dvibhASI shabda-kosha meM srota bhASA ke shabdoM
ke liye lakSya bhASA ke ucita samAnArthI shabdoM ko diyA jAtA
HE. kyoMki isa shabda-kosha kA prayoga kampyUTara dvArA kiyA jAtA
HE, ataZZZ yaHa manuSyoM ke liye bane shabda-kosha se kucha bhinna HotA
HE. manuSya ke liye bane shabda-kosha meM eka taraHa se shabda ke artha ko
samajhAyA jAtA HE, tathA jina sandarbhoM meM unakA prayoga ucita HE,
unako darshAyA jAtA HE. @FOOTNOTE {kampyUTara-anuvAda yA anusaraNa
ke liye bane shabda-kosha meM artha ko mAnavIya bhASA meM samajhAne se
koI lAbha naHI HE, kyoMki mashIna mAnavIya bhASA ko naHI samajhatI.}
mashInI anuvAda ke liye bane dvibhASI shabda-kosha meM @substitutibility
ko dhyAna meM rakhakara samAnArthI shabdoM ko diyA jAtA HE. prayatna
yaHa HotA HE ki srota bhASA meM eka shabda ke liye lakSya-bhASA kA
eka HI shabda mila jAya, paraMtu vaHa shabda sabhI sandarbhoM meM kharA utaranA
cAHie. yadi eka shabda se kAma naHI calatA HE to shabda kA bIja artha
(nuclear @meaning) diyA jAtA HE. bIja artha se abhiprAya HE ki
shabda kA EsA artha jisase anusAraka pAThaka ke mastiSka meM artha bodha
Ho jAya. ataZZZ srota bhASA ke shabda ke liye lakSya bhASA kA
eka EsA shabda DhUMDhanA paDatA HE, jo bIja artha ko pradarshita karatA HE.
yadi bIja artha naHI milatA HE to eka se jyAdA shabda dene paDa sakate HEM.
30.2 @Format ([30.3] [30.1] [UP])
pratyeka @entry eka alaga paMkti meM HotI HE. udAHaraNa ke liye:-
"AbhAsaM","pustakaM","@n","1.AbhAsa/jhalaka/2.chAyA/pratibiMba/3.mithyA-jFAna","@dict"
mOTe tOra para @entry kA svarUpa isa prakAra HE:-
srota bhASA kA shabda, shabda-rUpa koTi (paradigm @type), shabda koTi (saMjFA,
kriyAdi), samAnArthI shabda, lekhaka
shabda-rUpa koTi shabda ke rUpoM ke bAre meM jAnakArI detI HE. upara AbhAsaM
shabda kI koTi "pustakaM" dvArA yaHa darshAyA gayA HE ki AbhAsaM shabda ke
rUpa "pustakaM" jese HE. ataZZZ shabda kosha banAte Hue usake bAre meM jAnanA
Avashyaka naHIM HE, tathA shabda-koTi ke bAre meM Hama yaHAz para Ora carcA naHIM
kareMgeM. (usakI carcA shabda-vishleSaka ke sAtha kI jAyegI.)
anusAraka kosha ko banAne ke liye mArgadarshaka bindu nIce diye gaye HEM.
30.3 shabda kI @entry ([30.4] [30.3.1] [30.2] [UP])
srota bhASA ke shabda ke liye @entry kEse deM? yaHAz Hama isa prashna kA uttara
dene kA prayAsa kareMge.
30.3.1 eka HI shabda ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.2] [UP])
yadi lakSya bhASA meM eka EsA shabda mila jAya jo sabhI sandarbhoM
me srotabhASA ke shabda kI jagaHa prayoga meM A sakatA HE, to kevala usI
shabda ko diyA jAya.
"AghrAniMcu","-","@v","1. sUzgha","@dict2"
30.3.2 saMbaMdhita @substitutable shabda ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.3] [30.3.1] [UP])
yadi lakSya bhASA meM srota bhASA ke kisI shabda ke liye
eka se jyAdA shabda HEM jo AmatayA eka dUsare ke sthAna para prayoga
meM A sakate HEM, to unako '/' lagAkara alaga-alaga likheM. (isakA artha
HE ki eka shabda eka saMdarbha meM jyAdA upayukta Ho sakatA HE, tathA
dUsarA shabda kisI dUsare meM, paraMtu AmatayA eka dUsare ke sthAna para
prayoga meM A sakate HE. yA isako samajhane ke liye yUM kaHeM:- ve shabda
bhinna-bhinna sandarbhoM meM upayukta HEM, paraMtu moTe tOra eka HI
artha ko pradarshita karate HEM.) udAHaraNa:-
"kannu","-","@n","1.Azkha/netra","@dict2"
30.3.3 saMbaMdhita paraMtu @non-@substitutable shabda ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.4] [30.3.2] [UP])
yadi lakSya bhASA meM srota bhASA ke shabda ke liye eka se adhika
shabda HEM jo Apasa meM saMbaMdhita to HE para eka dUsare ke sthAna para
prayukta naHIM Ho sakate HEM, to unameM se prathama ko `1' dUsare ko
`2' ityAdi lagAkara likhe:-
"gAju","-" "@n","1.kAzca/2.cUDI","@dict3"
30.3.4 asaMbaMdhita shabda ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.5] [30.3.3] [UP])
yadi lakSya bhASA meM diye Hue shabda Apasa meM saMbaMdhita naHIM
HEM to unHeM alaga paMktiyoM meM likheM.
"kappu","-","@n","1.chata/chAjana/chappara","@dict3"
"kappu","-","@n","1.pyAlA/@cup","@dict3"
30.3.5 bhinna shabda-koTiyAz ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.6] [30.3.4] [UP])
yadi kisI srota bhASA ke shabda ke liye lakSya bhASA ke shabda alaga alaga
shabda-koTiyoM meM HEM, to unako alaga-alaga paMkti meM likheM. yadi ve saMbaMdhita
HE to bhI unHeM alaga alaga paMktiyoM meM rakhA jAya. udAHaraNa ke liye:-
"kappu","-","@n","1.chAjana/chappara/2.pyAlA","@d1"
"kappu","-","@v","oDhxa","@d1"
30.3.6 apracalita artha ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.7] [30.3.5] [UP])
yadi srota bhASA ke shabda kA koI artha baHuta kama prayoga meM AtA HE
(apracalita HE) to isa bAta ko batAne ke liye lakSya bhASA ke shabda para `%'
ciHna lagAez. udAHaraNa ke liye, peru meM:-
"peru","-","@n","1.nAma/yasha/kIrti/%%2.HAra","@d1"
'HAra' artha aba pracalita naHIM HE.
30.3.7 bIja artha va pallavita artha ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.6] [UP])
yadi diye Hue telugu shabda ke bIja artha Ora usase pallavita artha meM antara
HE to use '<' ÍÚ '>' cinHoM dvArA diyA jA sakatA HE. udAHaraNa ke liye
lete HEM 'repu':-
"repu","-","@n","1.kala[' ke prayoga se bIja artha ko paHale diyA jA sakatA HE:-
"ADabaDucu","-","@n","1.ghara_kI_laDakI[>nanada]","@d1"
'ADabaDucu' kA bIja artha HE, 'ghara_kI_laDakI', paraMtu vaHa kabhI-kabhI 'nanada' ke artha
meM bhI prayukta HotA HE. isI prakAra se HE:- cedina.
"ceVMdina","-","@adj","1.[ke]_HE_jo*_vaHa_[>sadasya]","@d1"
arthAta,
ka[>kha] = bIja artha 'ka' paraMtu kabhI-kabhI pallavita artha 'kha' bhI
upayukta Ho sakatA HE
prathama ciHna (<) kA upayoga taba kiyA jAtA HEM, jaba pracalita shabda rUDhi bana cukA
HE. (use paHale likhA jA raHA HE, paraMtu uddeshya HE bIja artha bhI pAThaka taka
paHuMcAnA.)
dvitIya ciHna (>) kA prayoga taba kiyA jAtA HE jaba bIja artha dvArA pAThaka ko
shabda kI shakti kA bodha karavAnA HEM. (pAThaka kI saralatA ke liye pracalita shabda
bAda meM diyA jA raHA HE, parantu vaHa sabhI saMdarbhoM meM ucita naHI HEM.)
isake kucha anya udAHaraNa HEM:-
"oVkarinoVkaru","-","@n","eka_dUsare_ko[
30.4 shabdoM ke rUpa ([30.5] [30.3] [UP])
aba savAla yaHa uThatA HE ki srota bhASA meM shabda ke kOna se rUpoM ko
shabda-kosha meM rakhA jAya. uttara HE:- shabda ke sirpha mUla rUpa (root
@form) ko HI kosha meM rakhA jAya.
pratyaya ityAdi lagAne para bane Hue shabda rUpa kA vishleSaNa shabda-vishleSaka
dvArA kiyA jAtA HE tathA mUla rUpa ko nikAlA jAtA HE. ataZZZ yadi mUla rUpa
meM pratyaya Adi lagAne para bilkula naye artha kI utpatti naHI HotI HE
(arthAta isase pEdA Hone vAlA artha, mUla rUpa va pratyayoM ko joDakara saMgaNita
kiyA jA sakatA HE) to shabda kosha meM kevala mUla rUpa ko HI rakhane kI AvashyakatA
HE. @FOOTNOTE {yadi shabda vishleSaka kisI pratyaya kA vishleSaNa naHIM kara sakatA
HE to una pratyayoM ke lagAne para pEdA Hone vAle shabda rUpoM ko shabda kosha
meM rakhanA paDa sakatA HEM - kama se kama usa samaya taka jaba taka vishleSaka pUrNa naHIM
Ho jAtA.}
shabdoM kA mUla rUpa kyA HE ? saMjFAoM ke liye unakA prAtipadika tathA
kriyAoM ke liye unakA AjFAtmaka rUpa. udAHaraNa ke liye:-
illu, iMTi, iMTiki, iMTini (saMjFA-rUpa)
nammi, nammutU, nammaka, nammani, namme, nammina, nammaDaM (kriyA-rUpa)
ityAdi ke liye alaga se @entries dene kI AvashyakatA naHIM HE, balki shabda-kosha
meM kevala inake mUla rUpa kI @entry denA kAphI HE:-
illa (artha:- 1.ghara/nivAsa/makAna/2.vaMsha/kula)
nammu (artha:- 1.vishvAsa_kara/bharosA_rakha/2.AshA_kara)
lekina yaHa tabhI kara sakate HEM jaba shabda ke rUpa se usakA ucita artha niyama dvArA
nikAlA jA sakatA HE. yadi EsA naHIM HE to, shabda-rUpa ko bhI kosha meM DAlanA paDa
sakatA HE, jEse:-
"eVkkaDA","-","@avy","kaHIz_[bhI]/kidhara_[bhI]","@d1"
"eVkkaDa","-","@adv","1.kaHAz/kidhara","@d1"
"eVkkaDanU","-","@avy","kaHIM_bhI","@d1"
"eVkkaDi","-","@avy","kaHAz_kA","@d1"
"eVkkaDiki","-","@avy","kidhara/kaHAz","@d1"
"eVkkaDinuMci","-","@avy","kidhara_se/kaHAz_se","@d1"
"eVkkaDidakkaDa","-","@avy","vaHIM_kA_vaHIM","@d1"
"eVkkaDo","-","@avy","kaHIz/kaHIz_to","@d1"
"panimaniSi","-","@n","1.nOkara","@dict3"
"panilenivADu","-","@n","1.bekAra","@dict3"
30.5 bAHarI (non-@native) shabda ([30.6] [30.4] [UP])
jo shabda srota-bhASA meM anya bhASAoM se Aye HEM yadi ve lakSya bhASA
meM bhI usI artha meM HEM to unakA artha alaga se dene kI AvashyakatA
naHIM HE. samAnArthI shabda meM unako jyoM kA jyoM likhA jA sakatA
HE. udAHaraNa ke liye:-
"ADiTara","-","@n","ADiTara","@dict4" ----saHI
"ADiTara","-","@n","lekhA_parIkSaka","@dict4" ----galata
"udAHaraNa","-","@n","udAHaraNa","@dict4" ----saHI
"udAHaraNa","-","@n","masalana","@dict4" ----galata
yadi Ese shabdoM meM srota bhASA va lakSya bhASA meM artha bheda HE
to lakSya bhASA meM upayukta shabda kA cayana karanA HogA.
30.6 visheSa ciHna ([30.7] [30.5] [UP])
kabhI-kabhI lakSya bhASA meM upayukta samAnArthI shabda upalabdha naHIM
HotA HE. Ese samaya para manuSyoM ke liye bane shabda-kosha meM artha ko
samajhAne ke liye vAkyAdi kA upayoga kiyA jAtA HE. Hama paHale HI kaHa
cuke HEM ki mashIna dvArA inakA upayoga karanA mushkila HEM. ataZZZ Hama
visheSa ciHnoM kA upayoga karate HEM. udAHaraNa ke liye ciHna (dhyAna deM:ko`):-
"ni","-","vibha.","1.ko","@dict3"
"ki","-","vibha.","1.ko`","@dict3"
uparokta meM `ko' ke pashcAta (`) ciHna yaHa pradarshita karatA HE ki
`ko' kA prayoga caturthI vibhakti meM HuA HE. (HindI meM `ko'
kA prayoga dvitIya va caturthI vibhaktimeM HotA HE. (dekheM:- `telugu
jAnakArI'.)
isI taraHa se `*' kA prayoga kiyA jAtA HE yaHa dikhAne ke liye ki
vibhakti lagI HuI naHIM HE (tathA pAThaka dvArA saMdarbha dekhakara lagAI
jAnI cAHiye):-
"kalavADu","-","@n","1.HE_jo_*_vaHa_","@dict3"
yaHAz '*' yaHa batAtA HE ki isake sthAna para koI bhI vibhakti A sakatI HE.
30.7 aMko se saMbaMdhita shabda ([30.8] [30.6] [UP])
aMko se saMbaMdhita shabdoM ko shabda-kosha meM sammilita karanA cAHiye. udAHaraNa ke
liye:-
duganA, tiganA, cOganA
paHalA, dUsarA, tIsarA, cOthA
savA, DeDha, pOna, savA-do, DhAI, pOne-tIna
inameM jo shabda niyama se banAye jA sakate HEM (jEse:-
sAtavAM ityAdi, savA-do ityAdi) unHeM alaga se dene kI AvashyakatA
naHIM HE. Ese shabdoM ke liye, kampyUTara progrAma bhI likhA jA sakatA HE.
30.8 sAmAnya phala-phUloM ke nAma ([30.7] [UP])
shabda-kosha meM sAmAnya phala, phUloM, va tarakArI ke nAma bhI sammilita kiye
jAne cAHiyeM.
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