20.bhASAI-setu (@NEXT-@CHAPTER @PREV-@CHAPTER @CONTENTS)

20.1  `ne' saMracanA 
20.2  `ki' saMracanA 
20.3  `jo' saMracanA (relative @clause @construction) 
	20.3.1  telugu kRdanta va HindI `jo' 

anusAraka banAte Hue do bhASAoM ke bIca setu bhI banAne paDa sakate HEM. yaHa
taba Avashyaka HotA HE jaba eka bhASA meM EsI saMracanA HE jo dUsarI bhASA meM
naHIM HE. EsI avasthA meM, dUsarI bhASA meM eka milatI-julatI saMracanA lekara
usameM kucha visheSa ciHna lagAye jAte HE. yaHa eka kRtrima bhASA HogI, jo eka
setu kA kAma karegI. jaba bhI anusAraka ko srota bhASA meM vaHa saMracanA milegI,
vaHa isa kRtrima bhASA ke mAdhyama se pradarshita karegA.



20.1 `ne' saMracanA ([20.2] [UP])

HindI (tathA anya pashcimI kSetra kI bhASAoM) meM kriyA ke kucha rUpoM
ke sAtha kartA ke sAtha `ne' parasarga lagatA HE. udAHaraNa ke
liye `khAyA' kriyA ke sAtha `ne' lagAnA anivArya HE:-

  laDxake ne Ama khAyA.

yaHa kriyA ke anya rUpoM ke sAtha naHIM AtA, jEse:-

  laDxakA Ama khAtA HE.

isI taraHa kI saMracanA marAThI, gujarAtI Adi bhASAoM meM bhI HE.

dakSiNa bhArata kI va kaI anya bhASAoM meM ne (yA anya @ergative @marker) kA
upayoga naHIM HotA. ataZZZ ina bhASAoM se HindI meM anusarita lekhoM meM `ne' kA
abhAva HogA. udAHaraNArtha, telugu se anusarita HindI kucha isa prakAra kI HogI:-

  @hi.: laDakA Ama khAyA

yaHa anusAraka pAThaka ko aTapaTA laga sakatA HE, paraMtu samajhane kI dRSTi se isameM
koI kaThinAI utpanna naHIM HotI. jalda HI vaHa isa prakAra kI HindI se
abhyasta Ho jAtA HE.



20.2 `ki' saMracanA ([20.3] [20.1] [UP])

`kaHanA', `socanA' ityAdi kriyAoM ke sAtha HindI meM sAdhAraNatayA `ki'
kA prayoga HotA HE. udAHaraNa ke liye:-

  Hi.: rAma ne kaHA ki mEM ghara jAUzgA

  ka.: rAma HelYidanu eneMdare nAnu manege Hoguttene.
 @hi.: rAma kaHA  ki   mEM ghara_ko jAUMgA.

dakSiNa bhArata kI bhASAoM meM isase bhinna saMracanA kA prayoga HotA HE. isake
antargata Ashrita vAkya (subordinate @clause) mukhya kriyA (`kaHA')
se paHale AtA HE. sObhAgya se HindI meM isase milatI julatI eka saMracanA
HE. usameM `EsA' kA prayoga HotA HE:-

 @hi.: mEM ghara jAUzgA EsA rAma kaHA.

jEsA Upara diyA gayA HE. uparokta vAkya HindI kI dRSTi se shuddha HE, 
HAlAzki pracalana meM naHIM HE. usameM koI visheSa kaThinAI naHIM HogI.



20.3 `jo' saMracanA (relative @clause @construction) ([20.3.1] [20.2] [UP])

dakSiNa bhAratIya bhASAoM meM kRdanta kriyAoM (adjectival @participles @verb)
ke sAtha anekoM kAla, pakSa, va vRtti (TAM) Adi A sakate HEM;
jabaki HindI meM sAdhAraNataZZZ kevala do. ataZZZ unake anusaraNa meM kaThinAI AtI
HE. ise Hala karanA anusAraka kI saphalatA ke liye atyAvashyaka HE. isako aba
vistAra se dekhate HEM.

Hama yaHa prayatna kareMge ki telugu kI kRdanta kriyAoM kA artha nikAleM,
EsA artha jo gaNita kI dRSTi se parishudhda (precise) Ho. udAHaraNa ke liye
lete HEM telugu kA eka vAkya:-

  te.: rAmuDu tinina camacA veVMDidi.
      ---- -- - ---- ----
       1  2ka 2kha   3    4

uparokta vAkya meM Hama cAHate HEM ki kAla pakSa vRtti kA pratyaya 'ina'
(2kha) kA artha nikAleM. isakA HindIM meM anuvAda kareM to vaHa kucha isa
prakAra HogA:-

  Hi.: rAma ne jisa cammaca se khAyA, vaHa cAMdI kA HE.
       -- ++    ------- --       ------ ++
       1         3      2ka         4

HindI ke shabdoM ke nIce aMka likhe HEM jo ki telugu vAkya meM samAnArthI
shabdoM ko darshAte HEM. kucha shabdoM ke nIce

`++' lagA HE jo dikhAtA HE ki ye shabda mUla telugu vAkya meM naHIM HE tathA
anuvAdaka dvArA joDxe gaye HEM. (ye HEM:- `ne' saMracanA tathA vAkyAMta meM
`HE'.)

uparokta vAkya ko kaI prakAra se likhA jA sakatA HE. inameM se nimnalikhita
vAkya EsA HE ki shabdoM kA krama mUla bhASA meM va HindI meM barAbara HE:-

  Hi.: rAma ne jisa se khAyA HE vaHa cammaca cAMdI kA HE.
       -- +       --        ----- ------ ++
       1          2ka          3     4

yA isase bhI beHatara HE yaHa vAkya jisameM rupima kA krama bhI mUla vAkya jEsA
HI HE:-

  Hi.: rAma ne khAyA HE jisa se vaHa cammaca cAMdI kA HE. (15)
       -- + --              ----- ------ ++
       1    2ka                3     4

aba jo aMsha aMkita naHIM HE vaHa 2kha ke barAbara HE. ataZZZ,

  ina = yA_HE_jisa_se_vaHa

yadi isakA sUkSma adhyayana kareM to eka kamI milatI HE:- `se' yA karaNa kI
dyotaka vibhakti `ina' meM naHIM HE. udAHaraNa ke liye eka dUsarA telugu vAkya
dekhate HEM:-

  te.:rAmuDu tinina pleTu veVMDidi.
     ---- -- - --- ----.
      1  2a 2ba  3    4

isake barAbara HindI vAkya HE:-

  Hi.:rAma ne khAyA HE jisa meM vaHa pleTa cAMdI kI HE.
      -- + --              --- ------ ++
       1   2a               3     4

isase yaHa samIkaraNa sAmane AtA HE:-

  ina = yA_HE_jisa_meM_vaHa

ina do va isI taraHa ke anya vAkyoM se yaHa spaSTa Ho jAtA HE ki `se' yA
`meM' vibhiktiyAz, `ina' ke artha meM naHIM HEM. balki ve anuvAdaka dvArA
lagAI gaI HEM, sAmAnya jFAna ko dhyAna meM rakhakara. ataZZZ aba samIkaraNa banatA HE:-

  ina = yA_HE_jo_*_vaHa

yaHAz para `*' kA artha vibhakti se HE, jo telugu `ina' meM naHIM HE, tathA
saMdarbha dekhakara HindI meM lagAI jA sakatI HE. ataZZZ nIce diye gaye telugu vAkya
kA anusAraka @output HogA:-

  te.: rAmuDu  tinina           camacA veVMDidi
 @hi.: rAma_ne  khAyA_HE_jo_*_vaHa_ cammaca cAMdI_kA

jo ki sUcanA kI draSTi se upayukta HE. (yaHAz para @output meM '*' ke sthAna
para upayukta vibhakti pAThaka dvArA lagAyI jA sakatI HE. dekheM:- para-saMshodhana.)


20.3.1 telugu kRdanta va HindI `jo' ([20.3] [UP])

uparokta pakSa ko isa prakAra se bhI prastuta kiyA jA sakatA HE. telugu meM
anekoM kAla, pakSa, vRtti Adi se paripUrNa kRdanta HEM, jabaki HindI meM
HEM sirpha do:-

  khAyA HuA phala
  khAtA HuA HiraNa

ataZZZ telugu kRdantoM ko HindI ke @relative vAkyAMsha (clause) ke rUpa
prastuta kiyA gayA HE. paraMtu yaHAz eka kaThinAI sAmane AtI HE:- @relative
@clause meM kriyA ke sAtha kAraka saMbaMdha, upayukta vibhakti (yA parasarga) lagAkara
diyA jAtA HE, jabaki telugu kRdantoM meM isa sUcanA kA abhAva HE. sUcanA ke
abhAva ko `*' lagAkara dikhAyA gayA HE.

uparokta ko bhASAI-setu kaHA jA sakatA HE kyoMki yaHa do bhASAoM ke bIca
saMbaMdha sthApita karatA HE.