36.kampyUTara Adesha (Computer @Commands) (@NEXT-@CHAPTER @PREV-@CHAPTER @CONTENTS)
36.1 phAila va pholDara (file va @directory)
36.1.1 kAryakartAoM (users) ke pholDara
36.2 kriyAez
36.2.1 dvArapAla
36.2.2 sUcI (ls)
36.2.3 samakSa-pholDara (pwd)
36.2.4 samakSa-pholDara badalanA
36.2.5 phAila ke andara sAmagrI dekhanA (more)
36.2.6 naye pholDara kA nirmANa (mkdir)
36.2.7 khAlI pholDara kA vinAsha (rmdir)
36.2.8 phAila kI pratilipi (cp - @copy)
36.2.9 phAila kA sthAnAntaraNa (mv - @move)
aba Hama dekheMge ki kampyUTara kA upayoga kisa prakAra kiyA jAya. kisa prakAra
kampyUTara meM DeTA yA lekha ko TAipa kiyA jAya? tatapashcAt_ kisa prakAra
use smRti meM rakhA jAya? va usakA punaZZZ nirIkSaNa va saMpAdana kEse kiyA
jAya? ityAdi.
yaHa saba karane ke liye HameM kampyUTara-AdeshoM kI eka nishcita bhASA sIkhanI HogI.
isa bhASA meM bhI anya bhASAoM kI taraHa saMjFA, kriyA, kriyA-visheSaNa,
Adi HEM. paHale Hama saMjFAoM va kriyAoM ke bAre meM sIkheMge, tathA sAtha HI
AvashyakatAnusAra kucha kriyA-visheSaNoM kI jAnakArI bhI prApta kareMge.
36.1 phAila va pholDara (file va @directory) ([36.2] [36.1.1] [UP])
sabase paHale Hama phAila ke bAre meM sIkheMge. Diska smRti meM vibhinna prakAra
ke DeTA, lekha, kampyUTara progrAma ityAdi rakhe jA sakate HEM. isake liye
alaga alaga nAma se phAila banAI jA sakatI HEM jo Diska smRti meM raHatI HEM.
phAila choTI yA baDxI Ho sakatI HE:- ataZZZ eka phAila meM pUrA shabda-kosha Ho sakatA
HE va dUsare meM sirpha eka akSara.
phAiloM ko suvyavasthita rakhane ke liye pholDara Hote HEM, jEse ki,
viSayAnusAra phAiloM ko alaga alaga pholDaroM meM rakhA jA sakatA HE. udAHaraNa ke
liye eka pholDara meM shabda kosha tathA samAMtara kosha kI phAila rakhI jA sakatI HEM,
tathA dUsare pholDara meM vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa racita kaHAniyAz va usameM Hara
phAila meM eka kaHAnI. phAiloM kI taraHa HI pholDara ke bhI nAma Hote HEM. pholDara
meM phAileM va pholDara bhI rakhe jA sakate HEM. udAHaraNArtha, granthAlaya nAmaka eka
pholDara ko lIjiye. isameM Hara lekhaka ke nAma se eka pholDara HE, tathA pratyeka
pholDara meM usa lekhaka dvArA racita pustakoM kI phAileM va pholDara HEM. isake
atirikta granthAlaya pholDara meM pustakoM kI sUcI kI eka phAila HE. yadi
Hama mAnaleM ki granthAlaya nAmaka pholDara ko kampyUTara para nimnalikhita nAma se
pukArA jA sakatA HE:-
~granthAlaya
to isameM Ane vAlI phAila yA pholDara ko isa prakara likhA jA sakatA HE:
~granthAlaya/teVlugu/mUla/vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa
~granthAlaya/kosha
~granthAlaya/sUcI
yadi 'kosha' nAmaka pholDara meM do kosha HEM, tathA eka shabdoM kI sUcI HE to
inHeM isa prakAra likhA jA sakatA HE:-
~granthAlaya/kosha/shabda_kosha
~granthAlaya/kosha/samAMtara_kosha
~granthAlaya/kosha/shabda.sUcI
ina nAmoM se yaHa vidita HE ki ~granthAlaya/kosha pholDara meM HEM phAileM:-
shabda_kosha, samAMtara_kosha tathA shabda.sUcI, paraMtu inakA pUrA nAma inameM pholDara
kA nAma joDane se banatA HE. kampyUTara shabdAvalI meM pholDara ko DAyarekTarI
(directory) bhI kaHate HEM.
36.1.1 kAryakartAoM (users) ke pholDara ([36.2] [36.1] [UP])
pratyeka kAryakartA (user) ke liye eka upanAma cunA jAtA HE jisase
ki kampyUTara use paHacAna sake. udAHaraNa ke liye ramesha kumAra ke liye
nimna meM se koI eka upanAma cunA jA sakatA HE: @rk, @ramesh, raku, ramesha,
ityAdi. sAmAnyataZZZ isI nAma se usakA pholDara bhI jAnA jAtA HE. isa pholDara
meM vaHa apane se saMbaMdhita phAila va anya pholDara rakha sakatA HE.
saba kAryakartAoM ke pholDara eka yA do (baDe) pholDaroM meM rakhe jAte
HEM. jEse:- /@home, /@usr3, /@usr4 ityAdi. yadi HamAre kampyUTara meM
kAryakartAoM ke pholDaroM /@usr3 meM rakheM HEM, tathA ramesha kumAra kA upanAma HE
`ramesha' to usake pholDara kA pUrA nAma HogA:-
/@usr3/ramesha
isI kA laghu rUpa HogA:-
~ramesha yA ~
arthAt_ upanAma se paHale `~' lagAne se usake pholDara kA patA svayaM kampyUTara
lagA letA HE. yadi kAryakartA svayaM apane mukhya pholDara kA nAma lenA cAHe to
'~' likhanA paryApta HE. granthAlaya ke udAHaraNa meM `~granthAlaya' kA upayoga
kiyA gayA HE kyoMki granthAlaya nAma se eka vishiSTa kAryakartA banA diyA
gayA HE.
yaHAz yaHa batAnA bhI ucita HE ki eka maHA-pholDara HotA HE, jisameM sAre pholDara
samAye raHate HEM. usa pholDara kA nAma HE `/'. (vAstava meM sampUrNa Diska
smRti isake mAdhyama se prayoga meM lAyI jAtI HE.) ataZZZ `/@usr3' likhane kA
artha HE:- '@usr3' pholDara jo ki maHA pholDara meM vidyamAna HE. isI prakAra
se `/@usr3/ramesha' kA artha HE:- `ramesha' nAmaka pholDara jo ki @usr3 pholDara meM
HE, jo ki maHApholDara (`/') meM HE. isako citra dvArA bhI pradarshita kara
sakate HEM:-
/
|
______________|_________________
| | |
@usr3 @bin ...
|
__|____________________________
| | |
granthAlaya ramesha ...
36.2 kriyAez ([36.2.1] [36.1] [UP])
Hama phAila va pholDara tathA kAryakartA ke pholDara se paricita Ho gaye HEM. ye
saba saMjFAez HEM. isa anubhAga meM dekheMge ki ina para kyA-kyA kArya
kiyA jA sakatA HE, arthAta kriyAez kOna-kOna sI HEM. para paHale milate HEM,
dvArapAla se.
36.2.1 dvArapAla ([36.2] [36.2.2] [UP])
jEse ki paHale batAyA jA cukA HE, @unix meM pratyeka kAryakartA ke liye
eka alaga upanAma HotA HE. usake sAtha HotA HE eka gupta @password. kampyUTara
meM `pravesha' se pUrva dvArapAla ko apanA upanAma tathA @password batAnA HotA
HE. saHI uttara dene para HI vaHa `pravesha' karane detA HE. kaHane kA artha HE
ki yadi Hama kampyUTara Tarminala para kArya karanA cAHeM to usa para dvArapAla kA
prashna HogA kucha EsA:-
@Welcome @to @Linux 2.0.0
@anu6 @login:
uttara meM HameM apanA upanAma TAipa karanA HogA. tat_pashcAta dvArapAla kA
prashna HogA:-
@Password:
isake uttara meM HameM apanA gupta @password TAipa karanA HogA. isa samaya
kampyUTara @screen para TAipa kiye jA raHe akSara dikhAI naHI dete. yaHa @password
kI guptatA banAye rakhane ke liye kiyA gayA HE. saHI @password TAipa karane
para dvArapAla pravesha karane detA HE, tathA @screen para @prompt A jAtA HE.
udAHaraNArtha:-
@anu6:~$
@Prompt meM AmatayA paHale HotA HE kampyUTara kA nAma (anu6), tat_pashcAta
kucha anya sUcanAez, tathA anta meM '$'. @Prompt kA uddeshya yaHa batAnA HE
ki kampyUTara Apake Adesha kI pratIkSA kara raHA HE.
@Unix meM Hara phAila yA pholDara kA mAlika koI na koI kAryakartA (user)
HotA HE. vaHa yaHa taya kara sakatA HE ki anya kAryakartA ko use dekhane yA
parivartana karane kA adhikAra HE ki naHIM. sAdhAraNatayA, kisI kAryakartA dvArA
banAyI gayI phAila va pholDara ko anya kAryakartA dekha sakate HEM, paraMtu usame
parivartana naHI kara sakate. kampyUTara ko yaHa patA raHatA HE ki kisa Tarminala
para kOnasA kAryakartA HE, ataZZZ kAryakartA ke adhikAroM ke anurUpa HI vaHa
phAila va pholDaroM para unHeM kArya karane detA HE. (adhikAroM kI suvidhA,
@DOS yA @Windows meM naHIM HE. isa kAraNavasha ina kampyUTaroM para kArya karane
meM eka baDxI bAdhA AtI HE, kyoMki galatI se HI saHI, koI bhI kAryakartA
kisI ke bhI dvArA banAI gaI phAila ko miTA sakatA HE.) kampyUTara Tarminala
choDate samaya kampyUTara ko yaHa batAnA ati-Avashyaka HE ki Apa jA raHe HE:-
@anu6:~$ @exit
yA
@anu6:~$ @logout
EsA karane ke pashcAta dvArapAla usa Tarminala para punaZZZ vidyamAna Ho jAyegA.
yadi Apa @logout karanA bhUla jAyeM to kampyUTara ko patA naHIM calegA ki Apa
jA cuke HEM, tathA koI anya vyakti usa Tarminala para kArya kara sakatA HE tathA
ApakI phAiloM ko kSati paHuzcA sakatA HE.
36.2.2 sUcI (ls) ([36.2] [36.2.3] [36.2.1] [UP])
yadi Hama kisI pholDara meM sthita phAiloM va pholDaroM kI sUcI jAnanA cAHate
HEM to `@ls' Adesha de sakate HEM. udAHaraNArtha, nimnalikhita Adesha
~$ @ls ~granthAlaya/teVlugu/mUla/vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa
~granthAlaya meM vidyamAna, `vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa' pholDara meM phAiloM kI
sUcI prastuta kara degA:
viSNu-sharmA-iMglisha-caduvu HAHAHUHU
agara pholDara khAlI HE to uttara HogA shUnya (null). isI prakAra,
~$ @ls /
maHA-pholDara meM sthita phAila va pholDaroM kI sUcI dikhAegA.
---- kriyA-visheSaNa
adhikAMsha kriyAoM ke sAtha kriyA-visheSaNa bhI lagAye jA sakate HE. jEse,
'@ls' kriyA ke sAtha kucha kriyA-visheSaNa bhI lagAye jA sakate HEM. inHeM
lagAne para HameM phAila va pholDaroM kI sUcI ke sAtha unake bAre meM vistRta
jAnakArI mila sakatI HE.
kriyA-visheSaNa `@s' lagAne para, @ls Adesha phAila kA mApa batAtA HE, tathA `@F'
sUcI meM pradarshita pholDara ke nAma ke pashcAta `/'lagA detA HE (jisase HameM
patA cale ki vaHa phAila HE yA pholDara), tathA isI taraHa se kucha anya ciHna:-
~$ @ls -@s -@F ~granthAlaya
@total 15
1 @DOT_@FILES/ 1 @prcs_@mail.@pl* 1 kannaDa/ 1 marAThI/
1 @WIP/ 1 @run.@sh 1 teVlugu/ 1 saMshodhita/
1 @j* 1 @run1.@sh 1 paMjAbI/ 1 sAdhana-sAmagrI/
1 @mv_@mail.@exp* 1 anusarita/ 1 bAMgalA/
phAila ke nAma se pUrva usakA mApa HE, kilo-bAiTa (yA HajAra bAiTa) meM.
kriyA visheSaNa ko lagAne kA tarIkA HE ki kriyA ke pashcAta kriyA visheSaNa
se pUrva `-' lagA dI jAya. yaHI tarIkA sabhI kriyA-visheSaNoM ke sAtha prayoga
meM AtA HE. prAyaZZZ ina kriyA-visheSaNoM ko joDxa kara bhI likhA jA sakatA HE:-
~$ @ls -@sF ~granthAlaya/teVlugu/mUla
@total 2
1 viSNu-sharmA-iMglisha-caduvu/ 1 HAHAHUHU/
isI prakAra `@l' lagAne para `@ls', pratyeka phAila va pholDara ke sAtha vistRta
jAnakArI prastuta karatA HE. jEse:- mApa ke atirikta, usake mAlika kA nAma,
banane kI dinAMka, phAila athavA pholDara, ityAdi.
~$ @ls -@l ~granthAlaya/teVlugu/mUla/vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa
@total 2
@drwxr-@xr-@x 14 graMthAlaya @users 1024 @Mar 18 09:57 viSNu-sharmA-iMglisha-caduvu
@drwxr-@xr-@x 2 graMthAlaya @users 1024 @Jun 10 16:45 HAHAHUHU
`@t' kriyA-visheSaNa lagAne para, sUcI kA krama phAiloM ke banane ke dinAMka para
AdhArita Ho jAtA HE. yaHa acchA tarIkA HE HAla HI meM banI phAiloM ko dekhane kA.
36.2.3 samakSa-pholDara (pwd) ([36.2] [36.2.4] [36.2.2] [UP])
kama TAipa karane ke uddeshya se kucha niyama banAye gaye HEM. ataZZZ kaI avasthAoM
meM phAila va pholDara kA nAma TAipa naHIM karanA paDxatA. isako dekhate HEM nIce.
Tarminala para Apake kAma karate samaya, eka pholDara Apake samakSa khula jAtA HE.
isako aMgrejI meM @present @working @directory bhI kaHate HEM. agara Apa yaHa
jAnanA cAHeM ki isa samaya kOnasA pholDara Apake samakSa HE to TAipa kIjiye @pwd,
uttara meM pholDara kA nAma chapegA:-
~$ @pwd
/@usr3/granthAlaya
samakSa-pholDara kA lAbha yaHa HE ki baHuta sArI kriyAoM meM kama TAipa karane se
kAma cala sakatA HE, kyoMki ve samakSa-pholDara kA upayoga karatI HEM. udAHaraNa ke
liye, agara kaHeM:-
~$ @ls
to samakSa-pholDara meM vidyamAna phAila va pholDara kI sUcI pesha Ho jAyegI. isake
liye `@ls ~granthAlaya' TAipa karane kI AvashyakatA naHIM HE. isI prakAra yaHa
kaHane para:-
~$ @ls vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa
~granthAlaya meM vidyamAna `vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa' pholDara kI sUcI prastuta
Ho jAyegI. isake liye '~granthAlaya/vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa' TAipa karane kI
AvashyakatA naHIM HE.
isako Hama isa prakAra samajha sakate HEM:- Adesha meM phAila kA nAma do prakAra
se diyA jA sakatA HE:
- pUrNa (absolute) nAma:-
/@usr3/granthAlaya/teVlugu/mUla/vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa,
- saMkSipta (relative) nAma:-
vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa, ~granthAlaya/teVlugu/mUla/vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa
@Absolute nAma '/' se prArambha HotA HE. agara nAma `/' se prArambha na Ho to
saMkSipta kaHalAtA HE. saMkSipta nAma ke liye samakSa-pholDara yA kAryakartA
ke upanAma kA upayoga HotA HE. ye nimnalikhita prakAra ke Hote HEM:-
---- phAila-nAma `~' se prArambha
Hama paHale HI dekha cuke HEM ki `~' lagAkara kAryakartA kA upanAma diyA jA sakatA
HE. jEse:-
~$ @ls ~granthAlaya
uparokta Adesha HameM usa pholDara kI sUcI degA jo granthAlaya nAmaka kAryakartA
kA mukhya pholDara HE.
---- phAila-nAma `.' se prArambha
`.' kA artha HotA HE samakSa-pholDara. ./vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa kA artha HE,
samakSa-pholDara meM vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa pholDara yA phAila. isakI upayogitA
Hama bAda meM dekheMge.
---- phAila-nAma `..' se prArambha
`..' kA artha HE samakSa-pholDara ke Upara vAlA pholDara, arthAt_
vaHa pholDara jisameM samakSa-pholDara sthita HE. yadi samakSa-pholDara HE
`/@usr3/granthAlaya/kosha', to nimnalikhita Adesha:-
~/kosha$ @ls ..
'/@usr3/granthAlaya' meM sthita kosha pholDara kI sUcI degA. isI prakAra,
~/kosha$ @ls ../vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa
phAila `/@usr3/granthAlaya/vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa' kI sUcI degA.
---- anya phAila-nAma
Upara diye gaye nAmoM ke atirikta, anya nAma Ho sakate HEM, jo @relative HEM
parantu `.', `..', yA '~' se prArambha naHIM Hote. jEse, nimna Adesha meM
'shabda_kosha':-
~/kosha$ @ls shabda_kosha
uparokta Adesha, sUcI prastuta karatA HE samakSa-pholDara meM sthita shabda_kosha kI.
kaHane kA tAtparya HE ki Adesha meM diye gaye isa prakAra ke saMkSipta
phAila-nAma, samakSa-pholDara meM mAna liye jAte HEM. (ise dUsarI taraHa bhI kaHa
sakate HEM:- isa taraHa ke phAila-nAma ko paHale samakSa-pholDara meM dekhA jAtA HE,
tathA usake bAda usa para '@ls' saMkriyA kI jAtI HE.)
#eka Ora udAHaraNa
36.2.4 samakSa-pholDara badalanA ([36.2] [36.2.5] [36.2.3] [UP])
samakSa-pholDara (present @working @directory) ko badalane ke liye `@cd' saMkriyA
kA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA HE. udAHaraNArtha yadi HamArA samakSa-pholDara ~granthAlaya
HE, taba `@cd' kriyA ke mAdhyama se Hama `kosha' ko samakSa-pholDara banA sakate HEM:-
~$ @cd kosha
isako isa prakAra bhI likha sakate HEM:-
~$ @cd ~granthAlaya/kosha
athavA
~$ @cd /@usr3/granthAlaya/kosha
aba dekhate HEM kucha anya Adesha.
36.2.5 phAila ke andara sAmagrI dekhanA (more) ([36.2] [36.2.6] [36.2.4] [UP])
abhI taka Hamane dekhA HE ke kisa prakAra pholDara meM yA phAila ke bAre meM
jAnakArI prApta kara sakate HEM. paraMtu yadi HameM phAila ko kholakara dekhanA Ho to
kyA kareM? isake liye eka AsAna Adesha HE `@more'. yadi Hama `~granthAlaya/kosha'
nAmaka pholDara meM HEM, to isa Adesha dvArA isa phAila meM dekha sakate HEM:-
~$ @more shabda.sUcI
# @Output
yadi phAila baDxI HE to yaHa Adesha HameM eka @screen bhara dikhAkara ruka jAtA HE,
tathA agale Adesha kI pratIkSA karatA HE. @space @bar dabAne para agalA @screen bhara
dikhAtA HE, tathA @return kuMjI dabAne para eka lAina Ora dikhAtA HE. `@q'(quit)
dabAne para yaHa apanA kArya samApta kara detA HE. (yaHAz yaHa kaHanA Avashyaka HE ki
kevala ve phAileM HI dekhI jA sakatI HEM jinameM gadya (lekha) HE. EsI phAiloM
ko @ASCII yA @ISCII phAila kaHate HEM.)
aba udAHaraNa leM samakSa-pholDara ke sAtha isa Adesha ke upayoga kA. nIce tAlikA
meM yaHa diyA gayA HEM ki Hama yadi bhinna-bhinna samakSa-pholDara meM HoM, to Hama
`shabda_kosha' ko kisa prakAra dekha sakate HEM.
tAlikA:- samakSa-pholDara va Adesha
samakSa-pholDara Adesha
* @more /@usr3/granthAlaya/kosha/shabda_kosha
* @more ~granthAlaya/kosha/shabda_kosha
~granthAlaya @more kosha/shabda_kosha
~granthAlaya/kosha @more shabda_kosha
~granthAlaya/vishvanAtha-satyanArAyaNa @more ../kosha/shabda_kosha
* = samakSa-pholDara kucha bhI Ho sakatA HE.
prathama Adesha pUrNa-nAma kA upayoga karatA HE, ataZZZ samakSa-pholDara kucha bhI Ho,
pharka naHIM paDxatA. dvitIya Adesha, upanAma kA upayoga karatA HE, tathA yaHa bhI
samakSa-pholDara kA upayoga naHIM karatA HE. anya sabhI Adesha samakSa-pholDara kA
upayoga karate HEM.
36.2.6 naye pholDara kA nirmANa (mkdir) ([36.2] [36.2.7] [36.2.5] [UP])
naye pholDara kA narmANa karane Hetu kriyA HE:- @mkdir (make @directory).
isakA sabase sarala upayoga HE, samakSa pholDara meM naye pholDara kA nirmANa:-
~/kosha$ @mkdir purAnA
uyarokta Adesha dvArA, `~granthAlaya/kosha/purAnA' pholDara bana jAegA.
36.2.7 khAlI pholDara kA vinAsha (rmdir) ([36.2] [36.2.8] [36.2.6] [UP])
kisI khAlI pholDara ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA HE,@rmdir (remove @direction) nAmaka
kriyA dvArA. udAHaraNArtha, yadi kosha meM eka khAlI pholDara HE `asthAyI'
to use HaTAyA jA sakatA HE:-
~kosha$ @rmdir asthAyI
36.2.8 phAila kI pratilipi (cp - @copy) ([36.2] [36.2.9] [36.2.7] [UP])
@cp Adesha dvArA kisI phAila kI pratilipi banAI jA sakatI HE. udAHaraNArtha
parivartana karane se pUrva mUla phAila 'shabda.sUcI' kI pratilipi banAkara rakha
sakate HEM:-
~/kosha$ @cp shabda.sUcI shabda.purAnA
isa Adesha dvArA 'shabda.purAnA' nAmaka naI phAila bana jAyegI jo `shabda.sUcI'
kI pratilipi HogI.
yadi kisI phAila ko saHejakara rakhanA HE eka alaga pholDara meM, to paHale pholDara kA
nirmANa kara sakate HEM, tatpashcAta usameM pratilipi banA sakate HEM:-
~/kosha$ @mkdir sthAyI
~/kosha$ @cp shabda.sUcI sthAyI
uparokta dvArA phAila 'shabda.sUcI' kI pratilipi 'sthAyI' nAmaka pholDara meM
isI nAma se bana jAegI. kaHane kA tAtparya HE ki '@cp' Adesha ke do rUpa HEM:-
1. @cp phAila1 phAila2
2. @cp phAila1 pholDara2
prathama rUpa meM eka naI phAila bana jAtI HE jisakA nAma HogA phAila2, jEsA Hama paHale
dekha cuke HEM. dvitIya rUpa meM phAila1 kI pratilipi pholDara2 meM phAila1 ke
nAma se HI bana jAtI HE. arthAta phAila1 kI pratilipi `pholDara2/phAila1' ke nAma
se bana jAtI HE. jEsA Hama Upara 'sthAyI' pholDara ke udAHaraNa meM dekha cuke HE.
36.2.9 phAila kA sthAnAntaraNa (mv - @move) ([36.2] [36.2.8] [UP])
@mv Adesha dvArA phAila kA nAma badalA jA sakatA HE tathA use eka jagaHa se dUsarI
jagaHa para le jAyA jA sakatA HE, arthAta eka pholDara se dUsare pholDara meM le
jAyA jA sakatA HE. udAHaraNArtha yadi Hama `shabda.sUcI' kA nAma badalakara `shabda.nayA'
rakhanA cAHeM to kaHa sakate HEM:-
~/kosha$ @mv shabda.sUcI shabda.nayA
isI prakAra se yadi phAila `shabda.purAnA' ko 'purAnA' pholDara meM rakhanA
HE to:-
~/kosha$ @mv shabda.purAnA purAnA
isa prakAra, yaHa phAila aba `kosha' pholDara meM Upara naHIM raHegI balki `kosha'
pholDara meM HI vidyamAna `purAnA' pholDara meM paHuzca jAegI.
~/kosha$ @ls
#@output
ataZZZ '@mv' Adesha ke bhI do rUpa HEM, bilkula '@cp' Adesha kI taraHa.
---- sAvadhAnI
@mv Adesha dvArA jaba phAila ko sthAnAntarita kiyA jAtA HE, to dhyAna raHe ki
yadi usI nAma kI koI anya phAila HE to vaHa naSTa Ho jAyagI. ataZZZ isa Adesha kA
upayoga sAvadhAnI se karanA cAHiye.
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