30. (NEXT-CHAPTER PREV-CHAPTER CONTENTS)
30.1 ËÞÌÛ³Ú
30.2 Format
30.3 ÕÊèÄ ³Ü entry
30.3.1 ¬³ ØÜ ÕÊèÄ
30.3.2 עʢÅÛ substitutable ÕÊèÄ
30.3.3 עʢÅÛ ÈÏ¢ÂÝ non-substitutable ÕÊèÄ
30.3.4 ¤×¢Ê¢ÅÛ ÕÊèÄ
30.3.5 ËÛÆèÆ ÕÊèÄ-³å½ÛÍÚ¡
30.3.6 ¤ÈèϸÑÛ ¤ÏèÃ
30.3.7 Êܺ ¤ÏèÃ Ô ÈÑèÑÔÛ ¤ÏèÃ
30.4 ÕÊèÄå¢ ³á ÏÞÈ
30.5 ÊÚØÏÜ (non-native) ÕÊèÄ
30.6 ÔÛÕáÖ ¸ÛØèÆ
30.7 ¤¢³å ×á עʢÅÛ ÕÊèÄ
30.8 ×ÚÌÚÆèÍ ÉÑ-ÉÞÑå¢ ³á ÆÚÌ
¤ÆÝ×Úϳ ³á ÑÛÍá ÄèÔÛËÚÖÜ ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ
30.1 ËÞÌÛ³Ú ([30.2] [UP])
¤ÆÝ×Úϳ ³á ÑÛÍá ÊÆá ÄèÔÛËÚÖÜ ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ Ìᢠ×èÏå ËÚÖÚ ³á ÕÊèÄå¢
³á ÑÛÍá ѳèÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ ³á ¨¸Û ×ÌÚÆÚÏèÃÜ ÕÊèÄå¢ ³å ÄÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ
Øâ. ³èÍå¢³Û ¦× ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ ³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ ³ÌèÈèÍÞ½Ï ÄèÔÚÏÚ ³ÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ
Øâ, ¤Â£ ÍØ ÌÆÝÖèÍå¢ ³á ÑÛÍá ÊÆá ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ ×á ³Ý¹ ËÛÆèÆ ØåÂÚ
Øâ. ÌÆÝÖèÍ ³á ÑÛÍá ÊÆá ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ Ìᢠ¬³ ÂÏØ ×á ÕÊèÄ ³á ¤Ïèà ³å
×Ì»ÚÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ, ÂÃÚ ºÛÆ ×ÆèÄÏèËå¢ Ìᢠ¨Æ³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ ¨¸Û Øâ,
¨Æ³å ÄÏèÕÚÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ. FOOTNOTE {³ÌèÈèÍÞ½Ï-¤ÆÝÔÚÄ ÍÚ ¤ÆÝ×ÏÁ
³á ÑÛÍá ÊÆá ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ Ìᢠ¤Ïèà ³å ÌÚÆÔÜÍ ËÚÖÚ Ìᢠ×Ì»ÚÆá ×á
³å§ ÑÚË ÆØÜ Øâ, ³èÍå¢³Û ÌÕÜÆ ÌÚÆÔÜÍ ËÚÖÚ ³å ÆØÜ ×Ì»ÂÜ.}
ÌÕÜÆÜ ¤ÆÝÔÚÄ ³á ÑÛÍá ÊÆá ÄèÔÛËÚÖÜ ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ Ìᢠsubstitutibility
³å ÅèÍÚÆ Ìᢠϴ³Ï ×ÌÚÆÚÏèÃÜ ÕÊèÄå¢ ³å ÄÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ. ÈèÏÍÂèÆ
ÍØ ØåÂÚ Øâ ³Û ×èÏå ËÚÖÚ Ìᢠ¬³ ÕÊèÄ ³á ÑÛÍá ѳèÖèÍ-ËÚÖÚ ³Ú
¬³ ØÜ ÕÊèÄ ÌÛÑ ºÚÍ, ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ÔØ ÕÊèÄ ×ËÜ ×ÆèÄÏèËå¢ Ìᢠ´ÏÚ ¨ÂÏÆÚ
¸ÚØÛ¬. ÍÄÛ ¬³ ÕÊèÄ ×á ³ÚÌ ÆØÜ ¸ÑÂÚ Øâ Âå ÕÊèÄ ³Ú Êܺ ¤ÏèÃ
(nuclear meaning) ÄÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ. Êܺ ¤Ïèà ×á ¤ËÛÈèÏÚÍ Øâ ³Û
ÕÊèÄ ³Ú ×Ú ¤Ïèà ºÛ××á ¤ÆÝ×Úϳ ÈÚ¾³ ³á Ì×èÂÛÖè³ Ìᢠ¤Ïèà ÊåÅ
Øå ºÚÍ. ¤Â£ ×èÏå ËÚÖÚ ³á ÕÊèÄ ³á ÑÛÍá ѳèÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ ³Ú
¬³ ×Ú ÕÊèÄ ÀÞ¢ÀÆÚ È¿ÂÚ Øâ, ºå Êܺ ¤Ïèà ³å ÈèÏÄÏèÕÛ ³ÏÂÚ Øâ.
ÍÄÛ Êܺ ¤Ïèà ÆØÜ ÌÛÑÂÚ Øâ Âå ¬³ ×á ºèÍÚÄÚ ÕÊèÄ ÄáÆá È¿ ׳Âá Øâ¢.
30.2 Format ([30.3] [30.1] [UP])
ÈèÏÂèÍá³ entry ¬³ ¤Ñµ È¢³èÂÛ ÌᢠØåÂÜ Øâ. ¨ÄÚØÏÁ ³á ÑÛÍá:-
"¥ËÚ×¢","ÈÝ×è³¢","n","1.¥ËÚ×/»Ñ³/2.¹ÚÍÚ/ÈèÏÂÛÊÛ¢Ê/3.ÌÛÃèÍÚ-ºè¼ÚÆ","dict"
Ìæ½á ÂæÏ ÈÏ entry ³Ú ×èÔÏÞÈ ¦× ÈèϳÚÏ Øâ:-
×èÏå ËÚÖÚ ³Ú ÕÊèÄ, ÕÊèÄ-ÏÞÈ ³å½Û (paradigm type), ÕÊèÄ ³å½Û (×¢ºè¼Ú,
³èÏÛÍÚÄÛ), ×ÌÚÆÚÏèÃÜ ÕÊèÄ, Ñá´³
ÕÊèÄ-ÏÞÈ ³å½Û ÕÊèÄ ³á ÏÞÈå¢ ³á ÊÚÏá ÌᢠºÚƳÚÏÜ ÄáÂÜ Øâ. ¨ÈÏ ¥ËÚ×¢
ÕÊèÄ ³Ü ³å½Û "ÈÝ×è³¢" ÄèÔÚÏÚ ÍØ ÄÏèÕÚÍÚ µÍÚ Øâ ³Û ¥ËÚ×¢ ÕÊèÄ ³á
ÏÞÈ "ÈÝ×è³¢" ºá×á Øâ. ¤Â£ ÕÊèÄ ³åÕ ÊÆÚÂá Øݬ ¨×³á ÊÚÏá ÌᢠºÚÆÆÚ
¥ÔÕèͳ ÆØÜ¢ Øâ, ÂÃÚ ÕÊèÄ-³å½Û ³á ÊÚÏá ÌᢠØÌ ÍØÚ¡ ÈÏ ±Ï ¸Ïè¸Ú ÆØÜ¢
³Ïᢵá¢. (¨×³Ü ¸Ïè¸Ú ÕÊèÄ-ÔÛÕèÑáÖ³ ³á ×Úà ³Ü ºÚÍáµÜ.)
¤ÆÝ×Úϳ ³åÕ ³å ÊÆÚÆá ³á ÑÛÍá ÌÚÏèµÄÏèÕ³ ÊÛÆèÄÝ Æܸá ÄÛÍá µÍá Øâ¢.
30.3 ÕÊèÄ ³Ü entry ([30.4] [30.3.1] [30.2] [UP])
×èÏå ËÚÖÚ ³á ÕÊèÄ ³á ÑÛÍá entry ³â×á Äá¢? ÍØÚ¡ ØÌ ¦× ÈèÏÕèÆ ³Ú ¨ÂèÂÏ
ÄáÆá ³Ú ÈèÏÍÚ× ³Ïᢵá.
30.3.1 ¬³ ØÜ ÕÊèÄ ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.2] [UP])
ÍÄÛ Ñ³èÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ Ìᢠ¬³ ×Ú ÕÊèÄ ÌÛÑ ºÚÍ ºå ×ËÜ ×ÆèÄÏèËå¢
Ìá ×èÏåÂËÚÖÚ ³á ÕÊèÄ ³Ü ºµØ ÈèÏÍåµ Ìᢠ¥ ׳ÂÚ Øâ, Âå ³áÔÑ ¨×Ü
ÕÊèÄ ³å ÄÛÍÚ ºÚÍ.
"¥¶èÏÚÆÛ¢¸Ý","-","v","1. ×Þ¡¶","dict2"
30.3.2 עʢÅÛ substitutable ÕÊèÄ ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.3] [30.3.1] [UP])
ÍÄÛ Ñ³èÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ Ìᢠ×èÏå ËÚÖÚ ³á ³Û×Ü ÕÊèÄ ³á ÑÛÍá
¬³ ×á ºèÍÚÄÚ ÕÊèÄ Ø⢠ºå ¥ÌÂÍÚ ¬³ ÄÞ×Ïá ³á ×èÃÚÆ ÈÏ ÈèÏÍåµ
Ìᢠ¥ ׳Âá Øâ¢, Âå ¨Æ³å '/' ÑµÚ³Ï ¤Ñµ-¤Ñµ ÑÛ´á¢. (¦×³Ú ¤ÏèÃ
Øâ ³Û ¬³ ÕÊèÄ ¬³ ×¢ÄÏèË ÌᢠºèÍÚÄÚ ¨ÈÍݳè Øå ׳ÂÚ Øâ, ÂÃÚ
ÄÞ×ÏÚ ÕÊèÄ ³Û×Ü ÄÞ×Ïá Ìá¢, ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ¥ÌÂÍÚ ¬³ ÄÞ×Ïá ³á ×èÃÚÆ ÈÏ
ÈèÏÍåµ Ìᢠ¥ ׳Âá Øâ. ÍÚ ¦×³å ×Ì»Æá ³á ÑÛÍá ÍÞ¢ ³Øá¢:- Ôá ÕÊèÄ
ËÛÆèÆ-ËÛÆèÆ ×ÆèÄÏèËå¢ Ìᢠ¨ÈÍݳè Øâ¢, ÈÏ¢ÂÝ Ìå½á ÂæÏ ¬³ ØÜ
¤Ïèà ³å ÈèÏÄÏèÕÛ ³ÏÂá Øâ¢.) ¨ÄÚØÏÁ:-
"³ÆèÆÝ","-","n","1.¥¡´/ÆáÂèÏ","dict2"
30.3.3 עʢÅÛ ÈÏ¢ÂÝ non-substitutable ÕÊèÄ ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.4] [30.3.2] [UP])
ÍÄÛ Ñ³èÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ Ìᢠ×èÏå ËÚÖÚ ³á ÕÊèÄ ³á ÑÛÍá ¬³ ×á ¤ÅÛ³
ÕÊèÄ Ø⢠ºå ¥È× ÌᢠעʢÅÛ Âå Øâ ÈÏ ¬³ ÄÞ×Ïá ³á ×èÃÚÆ ÈÏ
ÈèÏÍݳè ÆØÜ¢ Øå ׳Âá Øâ¢, Âå ¨ÆÌᢠ×á ÈèÏÃÌ ³å `1' ÄÞ×Ïá ³å
`2' ¦ÂèÍÚÄÛ ÑµÚ³Ï ÑÛ´á:-
"µÚºÝ","-" "n","1.³Ú¡¸/2.¸Þ¿Ü","dict3"
30.3.4 ¤×¢Ê¢ÅÛ ÕÊèÄ ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.5] [30.3.3] [UP])
ÍÄÛ Ñ³èÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ ÌᢠÄÛÍá Øݬ ÕÊèÄ ¥È× ÌᢠעʢÅÛ ÆØÜ¢
Ø⢠Âå ¨ÆèØᢠ¤Ñµ È¢³èÂÛÍå¢ ÌᢠÑÛ´á¢.
"³ÈèÈÝ","-","n","1.¹Â/¹ÚºÆ/¹ÈèÈÏ","dict3"
"³ÈèÈÝ","-","n","1.ÈèÍÚÑÚ/cup","dict3"
30.3.5 ËÛÆèÆ ÕÊèÄ-³å½ÛÍÚ¡ ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.6] [30.3.4] [UP])
ÍÄÛ ³Û×Ü ×èÏå ËÚÖÚ ³á ÕÊèÄ ³á ÑÛÍá ѳèÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ ³á ÕÊèÄ ¤Ñµ ¤Ñµ
ÕÊèÄ-³å½ÛÍå¢ ÌᢠØâ¢, Âå ¨Æ³å ¤Ñµ-¤Ñµ È¢³èÂÛ ÌᢠÑÛ´á¢. ÍÄÛ Ôá עʢÅÛÂ
Øâ Âå ËÜ ¨ÆèØᢠ¤Ñµ ¤Ñµ È¢³èÂÛÍå¢ Ìá¢ Ï´Ú ºÚÍ. ¨ÄÚØÏÁ ³á ÑÛÍá:-
"³ÈèÈÝ","-","n","1.¹ÚºÆ/¹ÈèÈÏ/2.ÈèÍÚÑÚ","d1"
"³ÈèÈÝ","-","v","°Àé","d1"
30.3.6 ¤ÈèϸÑÛ ¤Ïèà ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.7] [30.3.5] [UP])
ÍÄÛ ×èÏå ËÚÖÚ ³á ÕÊèÄ ³Ú ³å§ ¤Ïèà ÊØÝ ³Ì ÈèÏÍåµ Ìᢠ¥ÂÚ Øâ
(¤ÈèϸÑÛ Øâ) Âå ¦× ÊÚ ³å ÊÂÚÆá ³á ÑÛÍá ѳèÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ ³á ÕÊèÄ ÈÏ `%'
¸ÛØèÆ ÑµÚ¬¡. ¨ÄÚØÏÁ ³á ÑÛÍá, ÈáÏÝ Ìá¢:-
"ÈáÏÝ","-","n","1.ÆÚÌ/ÍÕ/³ÜÏèÂÛ/%%2.ØÚÏ","d1"
'ØÚÏ' ¤Ïèà ¤Ê ÈèϸÑÛ ÆØÜ¢ Øâ.
30.3.7 Êܺ ¤ÏèÃ Ô ÈÑèÑÔÛ ¤Ïèà ([30.4] [30.3] [30.3.6] [UP])
ÍÄÛ ÄÛÍá Øݬ ÂáÑÝµÝ ÕÊèÄ ³á Êܺ ¤Ïèà ±Ï ¨××á ÈÑèÑÔÛ ¤Ïèà Ìᢠ¤ÆèÂÏ
Øâ Âå ¨×á '<' ÍÚ '>' ¸ÛÆèØå¢ ÄèÔÚÏÚ ÄÛÍÚ ºÚ ׳ÂÚ Øâ. ¨ÄÚØÏÁ ³á ÑÛÍá
ÑáÂá Ø⢠'ÏáÈÝ':-
"ÏáÈÝ","-","n","1.³Ñ[<¥Æá_ÔÚÑÚ{×ÌÍ}]/2.×ÊáÏÚ","-"
ÍØÚ¡ '<' ÄÏèÕÚÂÚ Øâ ³Û ¦×³Ú Êܺ ¤Ïèà Øâ '¥Æá_ÔÚÑÚ', ºå ÄÛÆ, ÌØÜÆÚ,
×ÈèÂÚØ, ¦ÂèÍÚÄÛ ³á ×Úà ³ÚÌ ¥ ׳ÂÚ Øâ. ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ¥ÌÂÍÚ ¦×³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ
'¥Æá_ÔÚÑÚ_³Ñ' ³á ÏÞÈ ÌᢠØåÂÚ Øâ. ¤ÏèÃÚÂ:-
³[<´] = ÈÑèÑÔÛ ¤Ïèà '³' ³Ü ×¢ËÚÔÆÚ ¤ÅÛ³ Øâ ³ÛÆèÂÝ Êܺ ¤ÏèÃ
'´' ËÜ ×Ìèͳè ÊåÅ ³á ÑÛÍá ×ØÚͳ Øå ׳ÂÚ Øâ.
¦×ÜÈèϳÚÏ ×á '>' ³á ÈèÏÍåµ ×á Êܺ ¤Ïèà ³å ÈØÑá ÄÛÍÚ ºÚ ׳ÂÚ Øâ:-
"¥¿Ê¿Ý¸Ý","-","n","1.¶Ï_³Ü_Ñ¿³Ü[>ÆÆÄ]","d1"
'¥¿Ê¿Ý¸Ý' ³Ú Êܺ ¤Ïèà Øâ, '¶Ï_³Ü_Ñ¿³Ü', ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ÔØ ³ËÜ-³ËÜ 'ÆÆÄ' ³á ¤ÏèÃ
ÌᢠËÜ ÈèÏÍݳè ØåÂÚ Øâ. ¦×Ü ÈèϳÚÏ ×á Øâ:- ¸áÄÛÆ.
"¸à¢ÄÛÆ","-","adj","1.[³á]_Øâ_ºå*_ÔØ_[>×Ä×èÍ]","d1"
¤ÏèÃÚÂ,
³[>´] = Êܺ ¤Ïèà '³' ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ³ËÜ-³ËÜ ÈÑèÑÔÛ ¤Ïèà '´' ËÜ
¨ÈÍݳè Øå ׳ÂÚ Øâ
ÈèÏÃÌ ¸ÛØèÆ (<) ³Ú ¨ÈÍåµ ÂÊ ³ÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ¢, ºÊ ÈèϸÑÛ ÕÊèÄ ÏÞÀÛ ÊÆ ¸Ý³Ú
Øâ. (¨×á ÈØÑá ÑÛ´Ú ºÚ ÏØÚ Øâ, ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ¨ÄèÄáÕèÍ Øâ Êܺ ¤Ïèà ËÜ ÈÚ¾³ ³
ÈØÝ¢¸ÚÆÚ.)
ÄèÔÛÂÜÍ ¸ÛØèÆ (>) ³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ ÂÊ ³ÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ ºÊ Êܺ ¤Ïèà ÄèÔÚÏÚ ÈÚ¾³ ³å
ÕÊèÄ ³Ü Õ³èÂÛ ³Ú ÊåÅ ³ÏÔÚÆÚ Øâ¢. (ÈÚ¾³ ³Ü ×ÏÑÂÚ ³á ÑÛÍá ÈèϸÑÛ ÕÊèÄ
ÊÚÄ ÌᢠÄÛÍÚ ºÚ ÏØÚ Øâ, ÈÏÆèÂÝ ÔØ ×ËÜ ×¢ÄÏèËå¢ Ìᢠ¨¸Û ÆØÜ Øâ¢.)
¦×³á ³Ý¹ ¤ÆèÍ ¨ÄÚØÏÁ Øâ¢:-
"¯³ÏÛÆä³ÏÝ","-","n","¬³_ÄÞ×Ïá_³å[<¬³_³å_¬³]","-"
---- Êܺ ¤Ïèà ×á entries Ìᢠ³ÌÜ
ØÌ ³Ø ¸Ý³á¢ Ø⢠³Û ÕÊèÄå¢ ³á ËÛÆèÆ-ËÛÆèÆ ³å½ÛÍå¢ ³á ¤Ïèà ³å ¤Ñµ Ï´ÆÚ
¸ÚØÛÍá:-
"³½è½Ý","n","1.Ê¡ÅÆ","dict3"
"³½è½Ý","v","1.ÊÚ¡Å","dict3"
"³½è½Ý","v","2.ÊÆÚ","dict3"
ÈÏ¢ÂÝ Êܺ ¤Ïèà ÌÛÑÆá ÈÏ ¨ÈÏå³è ³á ÑÛÍá ¤Ïèà ÆÛ³ÑÂÚ Øâ
`Ê¢ÅÚ_ØÝ¥_Øâ_ºå_ÔØ'. ¤Â£ ¤Ê ¤Ñµ ¤Ñµ entries ³Ü ¥ÔÕèͳÂÚ ÆØÜ¢ Øâ:-
"³½è½","-","n","1.ÊÚ¢Å[<Ê¢ÅÚ_ØÝ¥_Øâ_ºå*_ÔØ`]/ÈÝÑÛ¢ÄÚ/2.³ÛÆÚÏÚ","-"
30.4 ÕÊèÄå¢ ³á ÏÞÈ ([30.5] [30.3] [UP])
¤Ê ×ÔÚÑ ÍØ ¨¾ÂÚ Øâ ³Û ×èÏå ËÚÖÚ ÌᢠÕÊèÄ ³á ³æÆ ×á ÏÞÈå¢ ³å
ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ Ìá¢ Ï´Ú ºÚÍ. ¨ÂèÂÏ Øâ:- ÕÊèÄ ³á ×ÛÏèÉ ÌÞÑ ÏÞÈ (root
form) ³å ØÜ ³åÕ Ìá¢ Ï´Ú ºÚÍ.
ÈèÏÂèÍÍ ¦ÂèÍÚÄÛ ÑµÚÆá ÈÏ ÊÆá Øݬ ÕÊèÄ ÏÞÈ ³Ú ÔÛÕèÑáÖÁ ÕÊèÄ-ÔÛÕèÑáÖ³
ÄèÔÚÏÚ ³ÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ ÂÃÚ ÌÞÑ ÏÞÈ ³å ÆÛ³ÚÑÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ. ¤Â£ ÍÄÛ ÌÞÑ ÏÞÈ
ÌᢠÈèÏÂèÍÍ ¥ÄÛ ÑµÚÆá ÈÏ ÊÛÑè³ÝÑ ÆÍá ¤Ïèà ³Ü ¨ÂèÈÂèÂÛ ÆØÜ ØåÂÜ Øâ
(¤ÏèÃÚ ¦××á ÈâÄÚ ØåÆá ÔÚÑÚ ¤ÏèÃ, ÌÞÑ ÏÞÈ Ô ÈèÏÂèÍÍå¢ ³å ºå¿³Ï ×¢µÁÛÂ
³ÛÍÚ ºÚ ׳ÂÚ Øâ) Âå ÕÊèÄ ³åÕ Ìᢠ³áÔÑ ÌÞÑ ÏÞÈ ³å ØÜ Ï´Æá ³Ü ¥ÔÕèͳÂÚ
Øâ. FOOTNOTE {ÍÄÛ ÕÊèÄ ÔÛÕèÑáÖ³ ³Û×Ü ÈèÏÂèÍÍ ³Ú ÔÛÕèÑáÖÁ ÆØÜ¢ ³Ï ׳ÂÚ
Øâ Âå ¨Æ ÈèÏÂèÍÍå¢ ³á ѵÚÆá ÈÏ ÈâÄÚ ØåÆá ÔÚÑá ÕÊèÄ ÏÞÈå¢ ³å ÕÊèÄ ³åÕ
ÌᢠϴÆÚ È¿ ׳ÂÚ Ø⢠- ³Ì ×á ³Ì ¨× ×ÌÍ Â³ ºÊ ³ ÔÛÕèÑáÖ³ ÈÞÏèÁ ÆØÜ¢
Øå ºÚÂÚ.}
ÕÊèÄå¢ ³Ú ÌÞÑ ÏÞÈ ³èÍÚ Øâ ? ×¢ºè¼Ú°¢ ³á ÑÛÍá ¨Æ³Ú ÈèÏÚÂÛÈÄÛ³ ÂÃÚ
³èÏÛÍÚ°¢ ³á ÑÛÍá ¨Æ³Ú ¥ºè¼ÚÂè̳ ÏÞÈ. ¨ÄÚØÏÁ ³á ÑÛÍá:-
¦ÑèÑÝ, ¦¢½Û, ¦¢½Û³Û, ¦¢½ÛÆÛ (×¢ºè¼Ú-ÏÞÈ)
ÆÌèÌÛ, ÆÌèÌÝÂÞ, ÆÌè̳, ÆÌèÌÆÛ, ÆÌèÌá, ÆÌèÌÛÆ, ÆÌèÌ¿¢ (³èÏÛÍÚ-ÏÞÈ)
¦ÂèÍÚÄÛ ³á ÑÛÍá ¤Ñµ ×á entries ÄáÆá ³Ü ¥ÔÕèͳÂÚ ÆØÜ¢ Øâ, ÊÑè³Û ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ
Ìᢠ³áÔÑ ¦Æ³á ÌÞÑ ÏÞÈ ³Ü entry ÄáÆÚ ³ÚÉÜ Øâ:-
¦ÑèÑ (¤ÏèÃ:- 1.¶Ï/ÆÛÔÚ×/̳ÚÆ/2.Ô¢Õ/³ÝÑ)
ÆÌèÌÝ (¤ÏèÃ:- 1.ÔÛÕèÔÚ×_³Ï/ËÏå×Ú_Ï´/2.¥ÕÚ_³Ï)
Ñá³ÛÆ ÍØ ÂËÜ ³Ï ׳Âá Ø⢠ºÊ ÕÊèÄ ³á ÏÞÈ ×á ¨×³Ú ¨¸Û ¤Ïèà ÆÛÍÌ ÄèÔÚÏÚ
ÆÛ³ÚÑÚ ºÚ ׳ÂÚ Øâ. ÍÄÛ ×Ú ÆØÜ¢ Øâ Âå, ÕÊèÄ-ÏÞÈ ³å ËÜ ³åÕ Ìᢠ¿ÚÑÆÚ È¿
׳ÂÚ Øâ, ºâ×á:-
"«³è³¿Ú","-","avy","³ØÜ¡_[ËÜ]/³ÛÅÏ_[ËÜ]","d1"
"«³è³¿","-","adv","1.³ØÚ¡/³ÛÅÏ","d1"
"«³è³¿ÆÞ","-","avy","³ØÜ¢_ËÜ","d1"
"«³è³¿Û","-","avy","³ØÚ¡_³Ú","d1"
"«³è³¿Û³Û","-","avy","³ÛÅÏ/³ØÚ¡","d1"
"«³è³¿ÛÆÝ¢¸Û","-","avy","³ÛÅÏ_×á/³ØÚ¡_×á","d1"
"«³è³¿Ûij賿","-","avy","ÔØÜ¢_³Ú_ÔØÜ¢","d1"
"«³è³¿å","-","avy","³ØÜ¡/³ØÜ¡_Âå","d1"
"ÈÆÛÌÆÛÖÛ","-","n","1.Ææ³Ï","dict3"
"ÈÆÛÑáÆÛÔÚ¿Ý","-","n","1.Êá³ÚÏ","dict3"
30.5 ÊÚØÏÜ (non-native) ÕÊèÄ ([30.6] [30.4] [UP])
ºå ÕÊèÄ ×èÏåÂ-ËÚÖÚ Ìᢠ¤ÆèÍ ËÚÖÚ°¢ ×á ¥Íá Ø⢠ÍÄÛ Ôá ѳèÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ
ÌᢠËÜ ¨×Ü ¤Ïèà ÌᢠØ⢠Âå ¨Æ³Ú ¤Ïèà ¤Ñµ ×á ÄáÆá ³Ü ¥ÔÕèͳÂÚ
ÆØÜ¢ Øâ. ×ÌÚÆÚÏèÃÜ ÕÊèÄ Ìᢠ¨Æ³å ºèÍå¢ ³Ú ºèÍå¢ ÑÛ´Ú ºÚ ׳ÂÚ
Øâ. ¨ÄÚØÏÁ ³á ÑÛÍá:-
"¥¿Û½Ï","-","n","¥¿Û½Ï","dict4" ----×ØÜ
"¥¿Û½Ï","-","n","Ñá´Ú_ÈÏܳèÖ³","dict4" ----µÑÂ
"¨ÄÚØÏÁ","-","n","¨ÄÚØÏÁ","dict4" ----×ØÜ
"¨ÄÚØÏÁ","-","n","Ì×ÑÆ","dict4" ----µÑÂ
ÍÄÛ ×á ÕÊèÄå¢ Ìᢠ×èÏå ËÚÖÚ Ô Ñ³èÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ Ìᢠ¤Ïèà ËáÄ Øâ
Âå ѳèÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ Ìᢠ¨ÈÍݳè ÕÊèÄ ³Ú ¸ÍÆ ³ÏÆÚ ØåµÚ.
30.6 ÔÛÕáÖ ¸ÛØèÆ ([30.7] [30.5] [UP])
³ËÜ-³ËÜ Ñ³èÖèÍ ËÚÖÚ Ìᢠ¨ÈÍݳè ×ÌÚÆÚÏèÃÜ ÕÊèÄ ¨ÈÑÊèÅ ÆØÜ¢
ØåÂÚ Øâ. ×á ×ÌÍ ÈÏ ÌÆÝÖèÍå¢ ³á ÑÛÍá ÊÆá ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ Ìᢠ¤Ïèà ³å
×Ì»ÚÆá ³á ÑÛÍá ÔÚ³èÍÚÄÛ ³Ú ¨ÈÍåµ ³ÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ. ØÌ ÈØÑá ØÜ ³Ø
¸Ý³á Ø⢠³Û ÌÕÜÆ ÄèÔÚÏÚ ¦Æ³Ú ¨ÈÍåµ ³ÏÆÚ ÌÝÕè³ÛÑ Øâ¢. ¤Â£ ØÌ
ÔÛÕáÖ ¸ÛØèÆå¢ ³Ú ¨ÈÍåµ ³ÏÂá Øâ¢. ¨ÄÚØÏÁ ³á ÑÛÍá ¸ÛØèÆ (ÅèÍÚÆ Äá¢:³å`):-
"ÆÛ","-","ÔÛË.","1.³å","dict3"
"³Û","-","ÔÛË.","1.³å`","dict3"
¨ÈÏå³è Ìᢠ`³å' ³á ÈÕè¸Ú (`) ¸ÛØèÆ ÍØ ÈèÏÄÏèÕÛ ³ÏÂÚ Øâ ³Û
`³å' ³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ ¸ÂÝÏèÃÜ ÔÛ˳èÂÛ ÌᢠØÝ¥ Øâ. (ØÛÆèÄÜ Ìᢠ`³å'
³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ ÄèÔÛÂÜÍ Ô ¸ÂÝÏèÃÜ ÔÛ˳èÂÛÌᢠØåÂÚ Øâ. (Äá´á¢:- `ÂáÑݵÝ
ºÚƳÚÏÜ'.)
¦×Ü ÂÏØ ×á `*' ³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ ³ÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ ÍØ ÄÛ´ÚÆá ³á ÑÛÍá ³Û
ÔÛ˳èÂÛ ÑµÜ Øݧ ÆØÜ¢ Øâ (ÂÃÚ ÈÚ¾³ ÄèÔÚÏÚ ×¢ÄÏèË Äá´³Ï ÑµÚ§
ºÚÆÜ ¸ÚØÛÍá):-
"³ÑÔÚ¿Ý","-","n","1.Øâ_ºå_*_ÔØ_","dict3"
ÍØÚ¡ '*' ÍØ ÊÂÚÂÚ Øâ ³Û ¦×³á ×èÃÚÆ ÈÏ ³å§ ËÜ ÔÛ˳èÂÛ ¥ ׳ÂÜ Øâ.
30.7 ¤¢³å ×á עʢÅÛ ÕÊèÄ ([30.8] [30.6] [UP])
¤¢³å ×á עʢÅÛ ÕÊèÄå¢ ³å ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ Ìᢠ×ÌèÌÛÑÛ ³ÏÆÚ ¸ÚØÛÍá. ¨ÄÚØÏÁ ³á
ÑÛÍá:-
ÄݵÆÚ, ÂÛµÆÚ, ¸æµÆÚ
ÈØÑÚ, ÄÞ×ÏÚ, ÂÜ×ÏÚ, ¸æÃÚ
×ÔÚ, ¿áÀ, ÈæÆ, ×ÔÚ-Äå, ÀÚ§, ÈæÆá-ÂÜÆ
¦ÆÌᢠºå ÕÊèÄ ÆÛÍÌ ×á ÊÆÚÍá ºÚ ×³Âá Ø⢠(ºâ×á:-
×ÚÂÔÚ¢ ¦ÂèÍÚÄÛ, ×ÔÚ-Äå ¦ÂèÍÚÄÛ) ¨ÆèØᢠ¤Ñµ ×á ÄáÆá ³Ü ¥ÔÕèͳÂÚ
ÆØÜ¢ Øâ. ×á ÕÊèÄå¢ ³á ÑÛÍá, ³ÌèÈèÍÞ½Ï ÈèÏåµèÏÚÌ ËÜ ÑÛ´Ú ºÚ ׳ÂÚ Øâ.
30.8 ×ÚÌÚÆèÍ ÉÑ-ÉÞÑå¢ ³á ÆÚÌ ([30.7] [UP])
ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ Ìᢠ×ÚÌÚÆèÍ ÉÑ, ÉÞÑå¢, Ô ÂϳÚÏÜ ³á ÆÚÌ ËÜ ×ÌèÌÛÑÛ ³ÛÍá
ºÚÆá ¸ÚØÛÍá¢.
Index
Anusaaraka HOME PAGE