24.¤ÆÝ×Úϳ Output ÌᢠÈèÏÍݳè ¸ÛØèÆ ÈèÏÁÚÑÜ (NEXT-CHAPTER PREV-CHAPTER CONTENTS)
24.1 ËÞÌÛ³Ú
24.2 ¸ÛØèÆ Ô ¨Æ³á ¤ÏèÃ
24.2.1 ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ Ô ÕÊèÄ ÌᢠÔÛ³ÑèÈ
24.2.10 ¸ÛØèÆ '$' : Õ³èÂÛ µèÏØ ³á ÑÛÍá
24.2.2 ¸ÛØèÆ '-': ¥³Ú¢³èÖÚ ÄèÍå³
24.2.3 ¸ÛØèÆ '{', '}': ¤ÂÛÏÛ³è ×Þ¸ÆÚ (comments)
24.2.4 ¸ÛØèÆ '^': ÅèÍÚÆ ¥³ÏèÖÁ ØáÂÝ
24.2.5 ¸ÛØèÆ '{^}', '{v}' : ׳ÚÏÚÂè̳ÂÚ Ô Æ³ÚÏÚÂè̳ÂÚ Êåų
24.2.6 ¸ÛØèÆ '<', '>' : Êܺ ¤Ïèà ±Ï ¨××á ÈÑèÑÔÛ ¤ÏèÃ
24.2.7 ¸ÛØèÆ '@' : ¤¢µèÏáºÜ ÕÊèÄ
24.2.8 ¸ÛØèÆ '*' : ×Þ¸ÆÚ ³Ú ÈÚ¾³ ÄèÔÚÏÚ ¤ÆÝÌÚÆ
24.2.9 ¸ÛØèÆ `: ¤Ïèà ËÛÆèÆÂÚ ³á ÑÛÍá
24.1 ËÞÌÛ³Ú ([24.2] [UP])
ÍØÚ¡ ØÌ ¤ÆÝ×Úϳ ³á output ÌᢠÈèÏÍåµ Ìᢠ¥Æá ÔÚÑá ¸ÛÆèØå¢ ³å
Äá´á¢µá. ¦Æ ¸ÛÆèØå¢ ÄèÔÚÏÚ ¤Æá³ ×Þ¸ÆÚ¬¢ ÈÚ¾³ ³å ÄÜ ºÚ ׳ÂÜ Øâ¢.
³Ý¹ ¸ÛÆèØå¢ ³á ¨ÈÍåµ ×á ×Þ¸ÆÚ¬¢ ºèÍÚÄÚ ×¢³èÖÛÈè ÏÞÈ ÌᢠÄÜ ºÚ
׳ÂÜ Øâ¢.
24.2 ¸ÛØèÆ Ô ¨Æ³á ¤Ïèà ([24.2.1] [24.1] [UP])
24.2.1 ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ Ô ÕÊèÄ ÌᢠÔÛ³ÑèÈ ([24.2] [24.2.2] [UP])
¬³ ×á ¤ÅÛ³ ÕÊèÄå¢ ³å ÔÛ³ÑèÈ ³á ÏÝÈ ÌᢠÈèÏ×èÂÝ ³ÏÆá ³á Äå ÂÏܳá¢
Øâ¢:- '/' ÍÚ []. ¨ÄÚØÏÁ:-
ÌÚÌÜ/ÊÝ¥, ×ÌÍ[ÈÚÔ]
¦ÆÌᢠ×á ³å§ ËÜ ÂÏÜ³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ ÌᢠÑÚÍÚ ºÚ ׳ÂÚ Øâ. ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ÍÄÛ Äå ÍÚ
Äå ×á ¤ÅÛ³ ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØå¢ ÌᢠÔÛ³ÑèÈ ³å ÈèÏ×èÂÝ ³ÏÆÚ Øâ Âå '/'
³å ÈèÏÍåµ ÌᢠÑÚÆÚ ØåµÚ, ºâ×á:-
³Ø_³Ï/³Û×_ÄÛÆ,
ºÊ Äå ÍÚ ¤ÅÛ³ Ôâ³ÑèÈÛ³ ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØå¢ ³á ³Ý¹ Ë򵌢 ÌᢠØÜ ¤ÆèÂÏ Øâ,
Âå '[]' ³á ÈèÏÍåµ ×á ¨×á ºèÍÚÄÚ ×¢³èÖÛÈè ÏÞÈ ÌᢠÑÛ´Ú ºÚ ׳ÂÚ Øâ.
ºâ×á:-
ÆØÜ¢_ѵÚ/ÆØÜ¢_¸ÀÚ => ÆØÜ¢_ѵÚ[¸ÀÚ]
¤Ê ØÌ ¬³-¬³ ³Ï³á ¦Æ ¸ÛÆèØå¢ ³å Äá´á¢µá.
---- ¸ÛØèÆ '/' : ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØå¢ ÌᢠÔÛ³ÑèÈ
¨ÄÚØÏÁ :-
(i) ÌÚÌÜ/ÊÝ¥ = 'ÌÚÌÜ' ÍÚ 'ÊÝ¥' Ìᢠ×á ¬³ ÔÛ³ÑèÈ
(ii) ´åÑÚ/´ÝÑÚ = '´åÑÚ' ÍÚ '´ÝÑÚ'
(iii) ³Ø_³Ï/³Û×_ÄÛÆ = '³Ø_³Ï' ÍÚ '³Û×_ÄÛÆ'
---- ¸ÛØèÆ '[', ']': ÕÊèÄ ³Ú ÔÛ³ÑèÈ ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ ×á
(¬³ ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ ³Ú ÔÛ³ÑèÈ, ¨×ÌᢠÄÞ×ÏÚ ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ ºå¿³Ï)
¨ÄÚØÏÁ :-
(i) ×ÌÍ[ÈÚÔ_³Ú/ÈÚ¡Ô_³Ú] = '×ÌÍ' ÍÚ 'ÈÚÔ_³Ú' ÍÚ 'ÈÚ¡Ô_³Ú'
(ii) ÆØÜ¢_ѵÚ[¸ÀÚ] = 'ÆØÜ¢_ѵÚ' ÍÚ ÆØÜ¢_¸ÀÚ"
ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ 'ÆØÜ_ѵÚ' Ìá¢, 'ѵÚ' ÕÊèÄ ³Ú ÔÛ³ÑèÈ '¸ÀÚ' ÄèÔÚÏÚ ÄÛÍÚ µÍÚ
Øâ. ¤Â£ '[]' ³á ÈèÏÍåµ ×á ¬³ ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ ÌᢠÈèÏÍݳè ÕÊèÄ ³Ú ÔÛ³ÑèÈ ÄÛÍÚ
ºÚ ׳ÂÚ Øâ. (ÊÛÆÚ ¦×³á, ¤ÆèÍ ×ËÜ ÕÊèÄå¢ ³å ÄÝÊÚÏÚ ÑÛ´ÆÚ È¿áµÚ.)
---- ¸ÛØèÆ '[', ']' : ÕÞÆèÍ ³Ú ÔÛ³ÑèÈ ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ ×á
(¬³ ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ ³Ú ÔÛ³ÑèÈ, ¨×ÌᢠÄÞ×ÏÚ ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ ºå¿³Ï)
¨ÄÚØÏÁ :-
(i) ¥ÂÚ_[ÃÚ] = '¥ÂÚ' ÍÚ '¥ÂÚ_ÃÚ'
(ii) ÈåÂÚ_[ØÝ¥] = 'ÈåÂÚ' ÍÚ 'ÈåÂÚ_ØÝ¥'
ÍÚÄ Ï´Æá ³á ÑÛÍá ¦×á ¦× ÂÏØ ×̻ᢠ:-
¥ÂÚ_[ÃÚ] = ¥ÂÚ_0[ÃÚ] (0 ¤ÏèÃÚÂèè ÕÞÆèÍ)
¤Â:- ¥ÂÚ_[ÃÚ] = ¥ÂÚ_0 ÍÚ ¥ÂÚ_ÃÚ
¤ÆèÂÂ:- ¥ÂÚ_0 = ¥ÂÚ_ = ¥ÂÚ
---- ¸ÛØèÆå¢ ÌᢠÔÏÜÍÂÚ ³èÏÌ (precedence): '[', '_', '/'
¨ÄÚØÏÁ :-
(i) ØÝ¥[ÏØÚ]_[ÃÚ/Øâ] = 'ØÝ¥' ÍÚ 'ØÝ¥_ÃÚ' ÍÚ 'ØÝ¥_Øâ' ÍÚ
'ÏØÚ' ÍÚ 'ÏØÚ_ÃÚ' ÍÚ 'ÏØÚ_Øâ'
¦×á ØÌ Äå ¸ÏÁå¢ ÌᢠÑÛ´ ׳Âá Øâ¢:
(¤) ØÝ¥[ÏØÚ]_[ÃÚ/Øâ] = 'ØÝ¥_[ÃÚ/Øâ]' ÍÚ 'ÏØÚ_[ÃÚ/Øâ]'
(Ê) ØÝ¥_[ÃÚ/Øâ] = 'ØÝ¥_ÃÚ' ÍÚ 'ØÝ¥_Øâ' ÍÚ 'ØÝ¥_'
ÏØÚ_[ÃÚ/Øâ] = 'ÏØÚ_ÃÚ' ÍÚ 'ÏØÚ_Øâ' ÍÚ 'ÏØÚ_'
¤Â£,
ØÝ¥[ÏØÚ]_[ÃÚ/Øâ] = 'ØÝ¥_ÃÚ' ÍÚ 'ØÝ¥_Øâ' ÍÚ
'ÏØÚ_ÃÚ' ÍÚ 'ÏØÚ_Øâ' ÍÚ
'ØÝ¥' ÍÚ 'ÏØÚ'
24.2.2 ¸ÛØèÆ '-': ¥³Ú¢³èÖÚ ÄèÍå³ ([24.2] [24.2.3] [24.2.1] [UP])
¨ÄÚØÏÁ:-
ÔØ- = 'ÔØ' ³Ú ÔÛÕáÖÁ ÏÞÈ
ÅèÍÚÆ Äᢠ:-
(i) ÔØ Ñ¿³Ú ÈÚ¾ÕÚÑÚ ºÚ ÏØÚ Øâ¢. ('ÔØ' ÔÛÕáÖÁ ÏÞÈ Ìá¢)
(ii) ÔØ ÈÚ¾ÕÚÑÚ ºÚ ÏØÚ Øâ. ('ÔØ' ÔÛÕáÖÁ ÏÞÈ ÌᢠÆØÜ)
¤Â:- (1) Ìᢠ'ÔØ' ³å 'ÔØ-' ÌᢠÑÛ´Ú ºÚÆÚ ¨¸Û Øâ
×ÏèÔÆÚÌ ³á ÑÛÍá ÑÛ´Ú ºÚÆÚ ¸ÚØÛÍá: ÔØ`.
24.2.3 ¸ÛØèÆ '{', '}': ¤ÂÛÏÛ³è ×Þ¸ÆÚ (comments) ([24.2] [24.2.4] [24.2.2] [UP])
---- ¸ÛØèÆ '{', '}': ×ØÚͳ ×Þ¸ÆÚ
¨ÄÚØÏÁ :-
(i) Ñ¿³Ú{Ê.} = 'Ñ¿³Ú' ³Ú ÊØÝÔ¸Æ
(ÅèÍÚÆ Äᢠ: ØÛÆèÄÜ Ìᢠ'Ñ¿³á' ÑÛ´Æá ×á ÍØ ×èÈÖè½ ÆØÜ¢ Ø⢠³Û ÍØ
¬³Ô¸Æ Øâ ÍÚ ÊØÝÔ¸Æ:- 'ºâ×á ¬³ Ñ¿³á Æá ÈèÏÕèÆ ÈÞ¹Ú'.)
(ii) µÛÏ{Æ.} = 'µÛÏ' ÆÈݢ׳ ÑÛ¢µ ³á ×ÚÃ
(ØÛÆèÄÜ ÌᢠÆÈݢ׳ ÑÛ¢µ Øâ ØÜ ÆØÜ)
(iii) ...
---- ¸ÛØèÆ '{+}': ¤ÂÛÏÛ³è ×Þ¸ÆÚ ÌÚ¡µÆá-ÈÏ
³{...}{+} = '³' ×á עʢÅÛ ¤ÂÛÏÛ³è ×Þ¸ÆÚ ¨ÈÑÊèÅ Øâ. ¨×á Äá´Æá
³á ÑÛÍá ¨¸Û ³Ý¢ºÜ (key) ÄÊÚ¬¢.
---- ¸ÛØèÆ '{Z}' : ÕÊèÄ-×ÌÞØ ³á ¤¢Â Ìᢠ×èÔÏ ³Ú ÄÜÏè¶ ØåÆÚ
{Z} ³Ú ¤Ïèà Øâ ÕèÏå ËÚÖÚ ÌᢠÕÊèÄ ³á ¤ÂÛ¢Ì ×èÔÏ ³å ÄÜÏè¶ ³ÛÍÚ µÍÚ Øâ.
×èÔÏ ÄÜÏè¶ ÔÛËÛÆèÆ ³ÚÏÁå¢ ×á ³ÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ. ºâ×á:- ×¢ÊåÅÆ ³ÏÆá ³á ÑÛÍá,
'ËÜ' ¤Ïèà Ìá¢, ÈèÏÕèÆÔÚ¸³, ¦ÂèÍÚÄÛ. ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ¦ÆÌá ×á ³æÆ ×Ú ¤Ïèà ¨ÈÍݳèÂ
Øâ, ¦×³Ú ¤ÆÝÌÚÆ ÈÚ¾³ ³å ѵÚÆÚ ØåµÚ, ³èÍå¢³Û ÌÕÜÆ ³á ÑÛÍá ÍØ ¤ËÜ
×¢ËÔ ÆØÜ Øâ.
¨ÄÚØÏÁ :
(i) ÂÚÑÞ³Þ
עʢÅÛÂ{ÂÚÑèÑݳ}{Z}
©ÈÏ '{Z}', 'ÂÚÑÞ³Ý' Ìᢠ'³Ý' ³å '³Þ' ³ÏÆá ×á ¥ÍÚ Øâ, ÂÃÚ ÈÚ¾³ ÄèÔÚÏÚ
¤ÆÝÌÚÆ ÑµÚÍÚ ºÚ ׳ÂÚ Øâ ³Û ÍØÚ¡ ¦×³Ú ¤Ïèà 'ËÜ' Øâ.
עʢÅÛÂ{ÂÚÑèÑݳ}_ËÜ
24.2.4 ¸ÛØèÆ '^': ÅèÍÚÆ ¥³ÏèÖÁ ØáÂÝ ([24.2] [24.2.5] [24.2.3] [UP])
^³ = ÈÏèÍÚÍ ÕÊèÄ '³' Øâ, ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ©ÈÏ ËÜ Äá´á¢.
¨ÄÚØÏÁ:-
(i) ¨ÄèÍåµÚÑ
^Ææ³ÏÜ_{Ê.}
ÈÏèÍÚÍ ÕÊèÄ 'Ææ³ÏÜ' Øâ, ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ©ÈÏ ËÜ Äá´á¢.
(ii) ÂÚÑÞ³Þ
עʢÅÛÂ{^ÂÚÑèÑݳ}{Z}
24.2.5 ¸ÛØèÆ '{^}', '{v}' : ׳ÚÏÚÂè̳ÂÚ Ô Æ³ÚÏÚÂè̳ÂÚ Êåų ([24.2] [24.2.6] [24.2.4] [UP])
{^} : ׳ÚÏÚÂè̳ ¤Ïèà ÌᢠÈèÏÍݳèÂ
{v} : ƳÚÏÚÂè̳ ¤Ïèà ÌᢠÈèÏÍݳèÂ
¨ÄÚØÏÁ:- ....
(i) ÑÚ¢¹Æ{^} = 'ÑÚ¢¹Æ' ³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ ¤¸è¹á ¤Ïèà ÌᢠØâ, ºâ×á :-
¨Æ³å ÔÜÏ-¸³èÏ ×á ÑÚ¢¹ÛÂ{^} ³ÛÍÚ µÍÚ.
24.2.6 ¸ÛØèÆ '<', '>' : Êܺ ¤Ïèà ±Ï ¨××á ÈÑèÑÔÛ ¤Ïèà ([24.2] [24.2.7] [24.2.5] [UP])
(i) ³[<´] = ÈÑèÑÔÛ ¤Ïèà '³' ³Ü ×¢ËÚÔÆÚ ¤ÅÛ³ Øâ ³ÛÆèÂÝ Êܺ ¤ÏèÃ
'´' ËÜ ×Ìèͳè ÊåÅ ³á ÑÛÍá ×ØÚͳ Øå ׳ÂÚ Øâ.
(ii) ³[>´] = Êܺ ¤Ïèà '³' ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ³ËÜ-³ËÜ ÈÑèÑÔÛ ¤Ïèà '´' ËÜ
¨ÈÍݳè Øå ׳ÂÚ Øâ
ÈèÏÃÌ ¸ÛØèÆ (i) ³Ú ¨ÈÍåµ ÂÊ ³ÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ¢,ºÊ ÈèϸÑÛ ÕÊèÄ ÏÞÀÛ ÊÆ ¸Ý³Ú
Øâ. (¨×á ÈØÑá ÑÛ´Ú ºÚ ÏØÚ Øâ ÈÏ¢ÂÝ ¨ÄèÄáÕèÍ Øâ Êܺ ¤Ïèà ËÜ ÈÚ¾³ ³
ÈØÝ¢¸ÚÆÚ.)
ÄèÔÛÂÜÍ ¸ÛØèÆ (ii) ³Ú ÈèÏÍåµ ÂÊ ³ÛÍÚ ºÚÂÚ Øâ ºÊ Êܺ ¤Ïèà ÄèÔÚÏÚ ÈÚ¾³ ³å
ÕÊèÄ ³Ü Õ³èÂÛ ³Ú ÊåÅ ³ÏÔÚÆÚ Øâ¢. (ÈÚ¾³ ³Ü ×ÏÑÂÚ ³á ÑÛÍá ÈèϸÑÛ ÕÊèÄ
ÊÚÄ ÌᢠÄÛÍÚ ºÚ ÏØÚ Øâ, ÈÏÆèÂÝ ÔØ ×ËÜ ×¢ÄÏèËå¢ Ìᢠ¨¸Û ÆØÜ Øâ¢.)
(¨ÄÚØÏÁ ³á ÑÛÍá Äá´á¢:- ¤ÆÝ×Úϳ ÕÊèÄ-³åÕ.)
24.2.7 ¸ÛØèÆ '@' : ¤¢µèÏáºÜ ÕÊèÄ ([24.2] [24.2.8] [24.2.6] [UP])
¨ÄÚØÏÁ:- @house, @house_boat
24.2.8 ¸ÛØèÆ '*' : ×Þ¸ÆÚ ³Ú ÈÚ¾³ ÄèÔÚÏÚ ¤ÆÝÌÚÆ ([24.2] [24.2.9] [24.2.7] [UP])
¨ÄÚØÏÁ :
(i) ÔØ_* = 'ÔØ' ³á ×Úà ¨ÈÍݳè ÈÏ×Ïèµ ¦ÂèÍÚÄÛ
ÈÚ¾³ ÄèÔÚÏÚ ÑµÚÍÚ ºÚÍ (×¢ÄÏèË Äá´³Ï).
ºâ×á, '³å' ѵÚÆá ÈÏ:- '¨×³å'.
(ii) ´ÚÍÚ_Øâ_ºå_*_ÔØ_ÊÏèÂÆ Åå ¿ÚÑå = ´ÚÍÚ_Øâ_ºÛ×Ìá¢_ÔØ_ÊÏèÂÆ Åå ¿ÚÑå
(¤µÏ ³ØÚÆÜ ³á ×¢ÄÏèËÚÆÝ×ÚÏ ¨¸Û Øâ Âå 'Ìá¢' ѵÚÍÚ ºÚÍ.)
24.2.9 ¸ÛØèÆ `: ¤Ïèà ËÛÆèÆÂÚ ³á ÑÛÍá ([24.2] [24.2.10] [24.2.8] [UP])
¨ÄÚØÏÁ :
³å` = '³å' ¸ÂÝÏèÃÜ ÔÛ˳èÂÛ ³á ÏÞÈ Ìᢠ(×ÌèÈèÏÄÚÆ ³á ÑÛÍá)
(ØÛÆèÄÜ Ìᢠ'³å' Äå ÔÛ˳èÂÛÍå¢ ³á ÑÛÍá ¥ÂÚ Øâ: ÄèÔÛÂÜÍÚ Ô ¸ÂÝÏèÃÜ.
ÂáÑÝµÝ ÌᢠÄèÔÛÂÜÍÚ Ô ¸ÂÝÏèÃÜ ³á ÑÛÍá ¤Ñµ ¤Ñµ ÕÊèÄ/ÏÞÈÛÌ Øâ¢.
¤Â£ ¤ÆÝ×Úϳ output ÌᢠÍá ÔÛÕáÖ ¸ÛØèÆ (`) ³Ü ×ØÚÍÂÚ ×á
ËÛÆèÆ ÏÞÈ ÌᢠÈèÏÄÏèÕÛ ³ÛÍá ºÚÂá Øâ. '³å`' ¸ÂÝÏèÃÜ ÈèÏÄÏèÕÛ ³ÏÂÚ Øâ.
24.2.10 ¸ÛØèÆ '$' : Õ³èÂÛ µèÏØ ³á ÑÛÍá ([24.2] [24.2.9] [UP])
{$}
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