22.telugu bhASA ke bAre meM kucha Avashyaka jAnakArI (@NEXT-@CHAPTER @PREV-@CHAPTER @CONTENTS)
22.1 `HE' kA lopa
22.10 shabda viccheda
22.11 'kA' kA lopa
22.12 vEsA @for jEsA
22.13 kEsA @for jEsA
22.14 svara @harmony
22.15 kriyAvisheSaNa pada
22.16 `gA' lagAkara kriyA visheSaNa
22.17 `iMcu' lagAkara saMjFA se kriyA va preraka kriyA
22.18 EsA
22.19 jo*
22.2 `tA' kA prayoga bhaviSya kAla meM
22.20 'ne' kI abhAva
22.21 `nayI_jo_vaHa' ke sthAna para nayI`, (purAnI`, merI`, kitanI`)
22.22 pallavita arya
22.3 tIna liMga
22.3.1 eka vacana meM kriyA
22.3.2 baHuvacana meM kriyA
22.4 'vaHa' ke bhinna artha
22.5 `ko' ke do artha
22.6 shabda ke anta meM svara ko dIrgha karanA
22.7 shabda ke anta meM HRsva svara kA lopa tathA 'A' joDanA
22.8 `yA' va `Ora' kA prayoga-
22.9 aMgrejI shabda
yaHAz Hama telugu ke bAre meM kucha jarUrI jAnakArI de raHe HEM, jise jAnanA
HindI pAThaka ke liye lAbhaprada HogA. jEsA paHale bhI kaHA jA cukA HE,
'anusAraka' lakSyabhASA meM eka pratibiMba banAtA HE, jisameM srota bhASA ke kucha
guNa A jAte HEM. ataZZZ una guNoM ko jAnane se, pAThaka ke liye anusarita lekha
paDhanA AsAna Ho jAtA HEM.
22.1 `HE' kA lopa ([22.2] [UP])
telugu meM `HE' kA aksara lopa Ho jAtA HE. udAHaraNArtha, telugu se anusAraka dvArA
AnevAlA pratibimba HogA:-
@hi: ghoDA kAlA.
jabaki HindI meM HogA:-
Hi: ghoDA kAlA HE.
ataZZZ, telugu se anusarita HindI meM isa taraHa ke vAkyoM meM 'HE' kA abhAva
HogA.
22.2 `tA' kA prayoga bhaviSya kAla meM ([22.3] [22.1] [UP])
HindI meM kriyA ke aMta meM `tA' lagAne para usakA artha Ho jAtA HE
Hebicuala (jEse:- pItA, jAtA ). telugu meM Hebicual rUpa, kabhI kabhI
bhaviSya kAla ke liye bhI prayoga meM AtA HEM. udAHaraNa ke liye, nimnalikhita
anusAraka vAkya ke do artha Hote HEM ;
@hi: rAma cAya pItA_HE
Hi: rAma cAya pItA_HE / pIegA
22.3 tIna liMga ([22.4] [22.3.1] [22.2] [UP])
telugu meM tIna liMga Hote HEM:- pulliMga, strIliMga va napuMsaka liMga.
vacana do HI Hote HEM HindI kI taraHa. paraMtu shabda rUpa ke niyama nIce diye
HEM:-
22.3.1 eka vacana meM kriyA ([22.4] [22.3] [22.3.2] [UP])
ekavacana meM liMga kI dRSTi se kriyA ke do rUpa Hote HEM:-
manuSya (nara) ke liye eka rUpa, tathA
manuSya (mAdA) va sabhI anya jIva va vastuoM ke liye dUsarA rUpa.
anusAraka HindI meM prathama rUpa ke liye pulliMga kA, va dUsare rUpa ke liye
strIliMga kA prayoga kiyA jAyegA:-
te: tammuDu vaccADu.
@hi: choTA_bhAI AyA.
te: cellelu vacciMdi.
@hi: choTI_baHana AyI.
te: puli vacciMdi.
@hi: shera AyI.
22.3.2 baHuvacana meM kriyA ([22.4] [22.3] [22.3.1] [UP])
baHuvacana meM liMga ke dRSTi se kriyA ke do rUpa Hote HEM:-
manuSya (nara va mAdA) ke liye eka rUpa, tathA
anya sabhI ke liye dUsarA rUpa.
anusAraka HindI meM prathama rUpa ke liye pulliMga kA, va dUsare rUpa ke liye
strIliMga kA prayoga kiyA jAyegA. kucha udAHaraNa isa prakAra HEM:-
te: manuSulu vaccAru.
@hi: manuSya Aye HEM.
te: cellelYlu vaccAru.
@hi: choTI_baHaneM Aye HEM.
te: kukkalu vaccAyi.
@hi: kutte AyIM HEM.
22.4 'vaHa' ke bhinna artha ([22.5] [22.3] [UP])
HiMdI meM `vaHa' ke do artha Hote HEM. eka sarvanAma ke artha meM va dUsarA
visheSaNa ke artha meM. udAHaraNa:-
vaHa skUla jAtA HE. (`vaHa' sarvanAma ke rUpa meM)
vaHa laDakA skUla jAtA HEM. (`vaHa' visheSaNa ke rUpa meM, visheSya `laDakA')
telugu meM ina donoM arthoM ke liye, do bhinna shabda HEM. ata: anusAraka
HindI meM, do bhinna shabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA HEM:
vaHa- sarvanAma ke rUpa meM
vaHa` visheSaNa ke rUpa meM
ina do bhinna shabdoM ke prayoga kI kyA AvashyakatA HE? sUcanA kI samAnatA ke
siddhAnta dvArA, mUla va anusarita lekha meM samAna sUcanA HonI cAHiye. ina
do bhinna shabdoM ke sthAna para yadi eka HI shabda (vaHa) kA prayoga kiyA jAya,
to anusarita lekha meM apekSAkRta sUcanA kama HogI. vyAvaHArika dRSTi se
kucha anusarita vAkya anekArthaka (ambiguous) Ho jAyeMge, jabaki unake mUla
vAkya isa draSTi se anekArthaka naHIM HEM. udAHaraNa ke liye lIjiye yaHa vAkya,
jo telugu se HindI meM AyA HEM:-
vaHa pustaka le gayA.
yaHa dviarthaka HE, Ora isakA artha `vaHa' ke sarvanAma yA visheSaNa Hone para nirbhara
karatA HE. udAHaraNArtha:-
rAma vaHa- pustaka le gayA. ('vaHa' visheSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta.)
vaHa` kala pustaka le gayA. ('vaHa' sarvanAma ke rUpa meM prayukta.)
cUMki telugu meM inake rUpa bhinna HEM (yaHa dviarthaka naHI HE), ataZZZ anusAraka
HindI meM `vaHa' para ucita ciHna lagAne se, dono rUpa bhinna Ho jAte HEM, tathA
artha spaSTa Ho jAtA HE.
22.5 `ko' ke do artha ([22.6] [22.4] [UP])
HindI meM `ko' do arthoM meM prayukta HotA HE:-
dvitIyA vibhakti (accusative @marker). jEse:-
rAma ne moHana ko samajhAyA. (yaHAz moHana karma kAraka HE jisake liye
dvitIyA vibhakti kA prayoga HotA HE.)
caturthI vibhakti (dative @marker). jEse:-
rAma ne moHana ko kitAba dI. (yaHAz moHana saMpradAna kAraka HE jisake liye
caturthI vibhakti prayoga meM AtI HE.)
telugu meM dvitIyA va caturthI ke bodhaka do bhinna ciHna yA saMketa (markers)
HEM. ataZZZ telugu se HindI meM lAte samaya do bhinna `ko' kA prayoga kiyA jAtA
HE:-
ko:- dvitIyA vibhakti.
ko`:- caturthI vibhakti.
22.6 shabda ke anta meM svara ko dIrgha karanA ([22.7] [22.5] [UP])
telugu meM shabda ke anta me svara ko dIrgha karanA kucha nishcita cIjoM kA
dyotaka HE. jEse:-
tAlUku = sambadhita
tAlUkU = sambadhita_bhI
`bhI' ke alAvA anya artha bhI Ho sakate HEM:- saMbodhana-sUcaka
ityAdi. udAHaraNa ke lie:-
rAmuDU loniki vacci kUrco.
rAma aMdara Akara bETho.
22.7 shabda ke anta meM HRsva svara kA lopa tathA 'A' joDanA ([22.8] [22.6] [UP])
shabda ke anta meM Ane vAle HRsva svara kA lopa karake tathA 'A' joDakara,
usakA artha prashna vAcaka Ho jAtA HE. udAHaraNa HE:-
rAmuDA loniki vacci kUrcunnadi ?
rAma_kyA, aMdara Akara bEThA ?
22.8 `yA' va `Ora' kA prayoga- ([22.9] [22.7] [UP])
telugu meM `yA' tathA `bhI' pratyeka sambadhita shabda ke bAda eka se adhika bAra
likhe jAte HEM. udAHaraNArtha, anusAraka meM AegA:-
@hi: rAma bhI moHana bhI (artha:- rAma Ora moHana)
@hi: rAma vA moHana vA (artha:-rAma yA moHana)
ye prayoga saMskRta ke nikaTa HE.
22.9 aMgrejI shabda ([22.10] [22.8] [UP])
aMgrejI shabdoM kA telugu meM prayoga Hone para, unakI vartanI HindI se kucha
bhinna HotI HE. ataZZZ use jAnanA jarurI HE,anyathA Ese shabda anusarita lekha
ke pAThaka ko samajha meM naHIM AyeMge. udAHaraNa ke lie:-
telugu vartanI - kyET
HindI meM pracalita vartanI - kETa
aMgrejI shabda - @cat
22.10 shabda viccheda ([22.11] [22.9] [UP])
telugu lekhana meM do yA adhika shabdoM ko joDakara eka sAtha likhane kI
prathA bhI vidyamAna HE. kabhI kabhI shabdoM ko joDane se naye shabda kI
lambAI jyAdA Ho jAtI HE. taba use kaHIM Ora se toDakara likha diyA jAtA
HE. ataZZZ telugu meM shabda kise mAnA jAya, isa bAre meM lekhaka ke
pAsa kAphI svatantratA HE. udAHaraNa:-
manuSulu unnAru (alaga-alaga likhe Hue shabda)
manuSulunnAru (sandhi saHita)
manuSu lunnAru (sandhi ke bAda galata jagaHa viccheda - mashIna ke liye kaThinAI)
(atirikta udAHaraNa ke liye dekheM:- `pUrva saMshodhana')
22.11 'kA' kA lopa ([22.12] [22.10] [UP])
telugu meM 'kA' kA aksara lopa Ho jAtA HE.
te: maniSi jIvitaM
@hi: mAnava jIvana
Hi: mAnava kA jIvana
22.12 vEsA @for jEsA ([22.13] [22.11] [UP])
telugu meM aksara 'vEsA' kA prayoga HotA HE, jabaki HindI meM usa sthAna para
'jEsA' upayukta HotA HE:-
te: rAmuDaTuvaMTi maniSi
@hi: rAma_vEsA AdamI
Hi: rAma jEsA AdamI
22.13 kEsA @for jEsA ([22.14] [22.12] [UP])
telugu meM kaI sthAna para 'kEsA' kA prayoga HotA HE, jabaki HindI meM usa
sthAna para 'jEsA' upayukta HotA HE:-
te: nuvvu elA vaccAvo alA veVlYlu
@hi: tuma kEsA AyA-! vEsA jAo
Hi: tuma jEse Aye vEse jAo
22.14 svara @harmony ([22.15] [22.13] [UP])
telugu meM, shabda meM lagane vAle upasarga ityAdi ke svara ke AdhAra para
mUla shabda (root) ke svaroM meM parivartana Ho jAtA HE. mUla shabda ke
paHale svara ko choDakara bAda ke svara bhI upasarga ke samAna Ho jAte HEM:-
maniSi + lu --> manuSulu
enimidi + lu --> eVnumudulu
rajani --> rajini
(paHale svara meM parivartana naHIM)
22.15 kriyAvisheSaNa pada ([22.16] [22.14] [UP])
@hi: mere sAmane para bEThA.
Hi: mere sAmane bEThA.
@hi: mere sAmane se bEThA.
Hi: mere sAmane bEThA.
22.16 `gA' lagAkara kriyA visheSaNa ([22.17] [22.15] [UP])
telugu meM visheSaNoM meM 'gA' pratyaya lagAne se saMjFA yA kriyA visheSaNa
bana jAtA HE. anusarita HindI meM isako '*' lagAkara dikhAyA jAtA HE:-
te: toVMdara pani
@hi: jaldIvAlA kAma
te: toVMdaragA vellYu
@hi: jaldI_* calo
te: tinnagA poyADu
@hi: sIdhe_* gayA
22.17 `iMcu' lagAkara saMjFA se kriyA va preraka kriyA ([22.18] [22.16] [UP])
prayatna + iMcu -> prayatniMcu
prayatna + iMcu --> prayatna_karo
rAyi + iMcu -> rAyiMcu
likho + iMcu --> likhavAo
22.18 EsA ([22.19] [22.17] [UP])
telugu meM 'EsA' kA prayoga HotA HE, jabaki HindI meM 'ki' kA
prayoga HotA HE. ataZZZ anusarita HindI meM 'EsA' kA pracalana HogA:-
@hi: moHana ghara gayA EsA rAma kaHA
@hi: rAma moHana ghara gayA EsA kaHA
Hi: rAma ne kaHA ki moHana ghara gayA.
(adhika vistRta jAnakArI ke liye dekheM:- bhASAI setu.)
22.19 jo* ([22.20] [22.18] [UP])
anusAraka @output meM 'jo' ke sAtha '*' lagA HuA AtA HE. paDhate Hue
'*' ke badale meM ucita vibhakti pAThaka dvArA lagAyI jAnI cAHie. udAHaraNa:-
te.: rAmuDu tinina camacA veVMDidi
@hi.: rAma_ne khAyA_HE_jo_*_vaHa_ cammaca cAMdI_kA
(vistRta jAnakArI ke liye dekheM:- bhASAI setu.)
te: parasanal AphIsar padmanAbhaM tana eVdurugA nilabaDDa
@hi: parasanal ApIsar padmanAbha usa_kA[svayaM] ke_sAmane khaDA_Ho_nA_[khaDA_HuA_HE_jo*_vaHa_]
te: appArAvuvaMka cirAkugA cUshADu .
@hi: appArAvuvaMka ciDaciDAHaTa_* dekhA_[thA|HE]{3_pu._e.} .
Hi: parasanal AphIsara padmanAbha apane sAmane khaDe Hue appArAva ko
ciDaciDAHaTa se dekhA.
22.20 'ne' kI abhAva ([22.21] [22.19] [UP])
telugu se anusarita HindI meM 'ne' kA abhAva HogA. yaHa isaliye kyoMki telugu
va adhikAMsha bhAratIya bhASAoM meM 'ne' kA abhAva HE.
@hi: rAma anna khAyA. # choDanA udA.
Hi: rAma ne anna khAyA.
@hi: sItA anna khAyA.
Hi: sItA ne anna khAyA.
22.21 `nayI_jo_vaHa' ke sthAna para nayI`, (purAnI`, merI`, kitanI`) ([22.22] [22.20] [UP])
@copula vAkyoM me visheSaNa para (`) ciHna yaHa pradarshita karatA He ki yaHa
telugu meM isa prakAra ke vAkya vinyAsoM meM AtA HE:-
@hi: vaHa- kitAba nayI{na.pu._e.}`
Hi: vaHa kitAba nayI HE.
@hi: vaHa- kitAba merI{na.pu._e.}`
Hi: vaHa kitAba merI HE.
22.22 pallavita arya ([22.21] [UP])
@output meM (<,>) Adi ke prayoga se pallavita artha dikhAyA jAtA HE.
te: mA ADapaDucu cAla maMcidi.
@hi: HamArA- ghara_kI_laDakI[ghara_kI_>nanada]_[-] baHuta acchA_[HE].
yaHAz 'ADapaDucu' se abhiprAya HE 'nanada', paraMtu usakA shabdArtha HE 'ghara_kI_laDakI'.
kaHIM kaHIM isa shabdArtha kA jAnanA Avashyaka Ho jAtA HE.
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