16.anusAraka - saMracanA (@NEXT-@CHAPTER @PREV-@CHAPTER @CONTENTS)

16.1  vibhinna stara kA @substitution 

jEsA paHale kaHA jA cukA HE, anusAraka kisI lekha ko lakSya bhASA ke nikaTa lAne
kA prayatna karatA HE, paraMtu usake liye yaHa Avashyaka naHIM HE ki, anusarita lekha
lakSya bhASA kI vyAkaraNa ke anusAra ThIka Ho. mukhya bAta yaHa HE ki sUcanA kI
dRSTi se (sEddhAMtika tOra para shata-pratishata) samAnatA Ho.

bhArata eka bhASAI-kSetra (linguistic @area) HE, jisameM bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM
ke Apasa meM milane se ekarUpatA (convergence) Ho gayI HEM. bhAratIya bhASAoM ke
yaMtra banAte samaya isakA lAbha uThAyA jA sakatA HE. prathama, kyoMki bhAratIya bhASAoM
meM @syntax yA shabda krama meM karIba karIba eka rUpatA HE, ataZZZ srota bhASA ke
mUla lekha meM prayukta shabdAdi kA vishleSaNa karake unHeM lakSya bhASA meM
prastuta kiyA jA sakatA HE, lagabhaga usI krama meM. bhASAoM meM @convergence ke
kAraNa eka bhASA jAnane vAle manuSya ke liye EsA @output paDhxane meM visheSa kaThinAI
naHIM HonI cAHiye. dvitIya, bhASAoM meM shabdoM ke artha kI bhI ekarUpatA HE.

jEsA ki paHale kaHA jA cukA HE, eka yAMtrika anuvAdaka ke liye AvashyakatA HotI
HE, nimnalikhita kI:-

  1. srota bhASA kA vishleSaka
  2. srota se lakSya bhASA kA @substituter
     (dvibhASI shabda kosha ityAdi para AdhArita)
  3. lakSya bhASA kA saMshleSaka

bhAratIya bhASAoM meM srota-bhASA ke vishleSaka ke aMtargata shabda-vishleSaka
se HI baHuta Hada taka kAma cala sakatA HE. shabda-vishleSaNa ke pashcAta kArya HE
lakSya bhASA meM shabdo kA cayana. yaHAz do prakAra ke shabdoM ko @substitute
karanA HotA HE :-

  1. vAcaka shabda (content @word)
  2. dyotaka shabda (function @word)

vAcaka shabda ve shabda HEM jo kisI vastu, guNa, kArya Adi ko
darshAte HEM. inake udAHaraNa HEM:- laDakA, ghara, kUdanA, chalAMga, HarA, teja,
baHuta, ityAdi. dyotaka shabda ve shabda HEM jo vAkya yA lekha meM do shabdoM
ke bIca meM saMbaMdha darshAte HEM. inake udAHaraNa HEM:- ko, ne, kara ('khAkara'
meM), raHA HE ('jA raHA HE' meM).

vAcaka (content) shabda ko @substitute karane se paHale usake mUla shabda (root)
kA patA lagAnA HotA HE. tatpashcAta dvibhASI shabda kosha kI saHAyatA se srota
bhASA ke mUla shabda ke liye lakSya bhASA meM samAnArthaka shabda ko DhUMDhA jA
sakatA HE. isI prakAra se dyotaka (function) shabda kA lakSya bhASA meM ucita
samAnArthaka shabda, yaMtra dvArA prastuta kiyA jA sakatA HE. udAHaraNa ke liye
telugu se HindI meM :-

  te: mIru pustakaM caduvutunnArA ?
 @hi: Apa pustaka paDhxa_raHA_[HE/thA]_kyA{23_ba}?

uparokta meM 'mIrU' ke sthAna para 'Apa', 'pustakaM' ke sthAna para 'pustaka',
ityAdi @substitute kiyA gayA HE. 'caduvutunnArA' meM vAcaka va dyotaka
aMsha donoM HI HEM, ataZZZ isakA vishleSaNa kara donoM aMshoM ko @substitute kiyA
jAtA HE.



16.1 vibhinna stara kA @substitution ([UP])

anusAraka isa @substitution prakriyA ko kaI stara para karatA HE. prathama stara HE:-
rUpima (morpheme) kA. rUpima artha kI draSTi se shabda kA sabase choTA aMsha HE,
jise Ora vibhAjita naHIM kiyA jA sakatA. Ora adhika vibhAjita karane se usakA artha
parivartana Ho jAegA (yA vaHa arthaHIna Ho jAegA). kisI shabda kA vishleSaNa karane
para HameM rUpima HI prApta Hote HEM, eka yA eka se adhika. anusAraka dvArA
srota bhASA ke shabdoM meM prayukta rUpimoM ko lakSya bhASA ke upayukta
rupimoM dvArA @substitute kiyA jAtA HE. @FOOTNOTE{rUpima kI Ora adhika vyApaka
paribhASA yaHa HE ki rUpima artha kI draSTi se lekha kI sabase choTI ikAI HE. ataZZZ
yaHa Avashyaka naHIM ki vaHa shabda kA HI aMsha Ho, vaHa kaI shabdoM se mila kara bhI bana
sakatA HE. visheSakara yadi unake sAtha meM Ane se naye artha kI utpatti HotI HE
to.}

dvitIya stara para pUrNa shabda ko lakSya bhASA ke shabda dvArA, tathA tIsare
stara para shabda-samUHa ko lakSya bhASA ke shabda-samUHa dvArA @substitute kiyA
jAtA HE. yaHa kArya paHale shabda-samUHoM ke Upara kiyA jAtA HE, tatapashcAt
shabda ke Upara, tathA anta meM rUpima ke Upara. (pAThaka soceM kyoM?)
(eka prakAra se shabda-samUHa kaI shabdoM se banA HuA rUpima HI HE.)

Upara diye gaye udAHaraNa meM, `caduvutunnArA' ke sthAna para rUpima ke stara
para @substitution kiyA gayA HE jo ki HindI meM alaga alaga shabda kA rUpa
lete HEM:- `paDha', `raHA' ityAdi. yaHAz para `Apa', `pustaka', `paDha' `raHA'
ityAdi vAcaka shabda HE, tathA `raHA' ityAdi dyotaka shabda.

yaHa bhI dhyAna dene yogya bAta HE ki cUzki telugu meM kAla (vartamAna yA bhUta
donoM meM se) koI bhI Ho sakatA HE, ataZZZ yaHa tathya anusAraka @output meM
`[HE/thA]' dvArA pradarshita kiyA gayA HE. pAThaka ko saMdarbha ke anusAra
ucita shabda kA cayana karanA HogA. anta meM puruSa (`23') va vacana (baHuvacana)
pradarshita kiyA gayA HE. yaHa telugu meM kriyA kA puruSa va vacana dikhAtA
HE. HindI meM apanI prakRti ke anusAra ucita saMjFA yA sarvanAma ke sAtha
kriyA kI liMga, vacanAdi kI ekarUpatA (agreement) HogI. ise bhI pAThaka ke
liye choDxA jAtA HE kyoMki AmatayA yaHa kArya saMdarbha ke anusAra karanA HogA,
jo yaMtra ke laye mushkila HE. udAHaraNa ke laye yaHAz yaHa nishcita karanA HogA
ki kOna kisako paDhxa raHA HE. (dekheM :- anuvAda meM kaThinAI)

kisI sthAna para kisa stara kA @substitution kiyA jAya (arthAta stara kA cayana),
yaHa dekhakara karanA cAHiye ki kaHAz para kOnasI vidhi upayukta HE. jaba-jaba shabda kA
artha usake aMsha para nirbhara naHIM karatA HE (yA kaHanA yaHa cAHie ke usameM eka
HI rupima HE) to pUrNa shabda kA @substitution karanA cAHiye. isI prakAra
shabda samUHa ke bAre meM.

agale pATha meM dekhate HEM:- shabda-vishleSaka va shabda-samUHaka ko.