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L02 CPG: Complex sentence - participle 'kara' Complex Sentences: Participle 'kara' o Ex.: Hindi sentence rAma ne phala kATakara pAnI piyA. Ram -ne fruit having-cut water drank (Having cut fruit, Ram drank water.) o Analysis (m-m tree) for the above sentence: pI[yA] (drink) | | .-------.------------. | k1 | k2 | precede | | | rAma[ne] pAnI[0] kATa[kara] (cut) (Ram) (water) | | | k2 | phala (fruit) - Here only the explicitly marked karakas are shown. (Ram is also the karta of kATa (cut), but not explicitly marked. Discussed later.) o The above can be derived using same grammar formalism (karaka chart, and transformation). Derivation discussed below. - Karaka chart for verbs (with base TAM 'tA_hE'): pI[tA_hE] (drink) and kATa[tA_hE] (cut) Karak Mand. Vibhakti ----- ---- -------- k1 m 0 k2 m 0/ko - Karaka chart transformation rules for some TAMs: TAM Transformed value karaka manda. vibhakti --- -------------- [yA] k1 * ne [kara] delete k1; k2 opt * '*' means retain the old value from base chart. - After transformation, the applicable karaka charts for the appropriate TAMs: + pI [yA] k1 m ne k2 m 0/ko + kATa [kara] k2 opt 0/ko - Participle verb (kara) modifies a verb, labelled with 'precede' relation: - kara arch-label manda. vibhakti lextype arc-direction ---------------------------------------------------- precede m - (v) REV where - precede name of label - m mandatory - '-' no constraint on vibhakti - v type of node to which related is verb - REV arch is reverse of usual (from kara verb to v) - Constraint graph: Using the karaka charts: rAma[ne] phala[0] kATa[kara] pAnI[0] pI[yA] o o o o o ^ ^ :\ ^ v : : k2 : \ : k2 : : :...<...: \ :..........: : : \ prec : : : k2 \--------<----------: : :...............<....................: : : .....................<........................: k1 - Solution graph * Make choice of k2 from 'pI' (drink) to: - phala (fruit) - pAnI (water) * If 'phala' is chosen, 'pAnI' gets no incoming arc. Violates constraint 3. * Therefore, choose 'pAnI' as k2 of 'pI' rAma[ne] phala[0] kATa[kara] pAnI[0] pI[yA] o o o o o ^ ^ :\ ^ ^ : : : \ : k2 : : : k2 : \ :..........: : :...<.... \ prec : : \--------<----------: : : .....................<........................: k1 * The above can be redrawn as: pI[yA] (drink) | | .-------.------------. | k1 | k2 | precede | | | rAma[ne] pAnI[0] kATa[kara] (cut) (Ram) (water) | | | k2 | phala (fruit)..........................................NEXT PREVIOUS INDEX