..........................................NEXT PREVIOUS INDEX
 

 L02 CPG: Complex sentence - participle 'kara'


    Complex Sentences:  Participle 'kara'

o  Ex.:  Hindi sentence
     rAma  ne phala kATakara   pAnI  piyA.
     Ram  -ne fruit having-cut water drank
     (Having cut fruit, Ram drank water.)

o  Analysis (m-m tree) for the above sentence:

                pI[yA] (drink)
                   |
                   |
      .-------.------------.
      | k1    | k2         | precede
      |       |            |
  rAma[ne] pAnI[0]     kATa[kara] (cut)
  (Ram)     (water)        |
                           |
                           | k2
                           |
                         phala (fruit)

    - Here only the explicitly marked karakas are shown.
       (Ram is also the karta of kATa (cut), but not explicitly
       marked. Discussed later.)

o  The above can be derived using same grammar formalism
   (karaka chart, and transformation). Derivation discussed below.

   -  Karaka chart for verbs (with base TAM 'tA_hE'):

        pI[tA_hE] (drink) and kATa[tA_hE] (cut)

        Karak Mand. Vibhakti
        ----- ----  --------
          k1   m      0
          k2   m      0/ko

   -  Karaka chart transformation rules for some TAMs:

       TAM   Transformed value
            karaka manda. vibhakti
       ---   --------------
      [yA]     k1    *      ne
      [kara]   delete k1;
               k2    opt     *

        '*' means retain the old value from base chart.

   -  After transformation, the applicable karaka charts for
      the appropriate TAMs:

      +  pI [yA]
            k1   m   ne
            k2   m   0/ko

      +  kATa [kara]
            k2  opt  0/ko

   -  Participle verb (kara) modifies a verb, labelled with 'precede'
      relation:
       -  kara
            arch-label  manda.  vibhakti  lextype  arc-direction
            ----------------------------------------------------
            precede       m       -        (v)       REV

          where
           - precede   name of label
           - m         mandatory
           - '-'       no constraint on vibhakti
           - v         type of node to which related is verb
           - REV       arch is reverse of usual (from kara verb to v)

   -  Constraint graph: Using the karaka charts:

        rAma[ne]  phala[0] kATa[kara]         pAnI[0] pI[yA]
            o        o       o                 o          o
            ^        ^       :\                ^          v
            :        :  k2   :  \              :    k2    :
            :        :...<...:    \            :..........:
            :        :              \   prec              :
            :        :         k2     \--------<----------:
            :        :...............<....................:
            :                                             :
            .....................<........................:
                                   k1

   -  Solution graph
      *  Make choice of k2 from 'pI' (drink) to:
          -  phala (fruit)
          -  pAnI (water)

      *  If 'phala' is chosen, 'pAnI' gets no incoming arc.
         Violates constraint 3.

      *  Therefore, choose 'pAnI' as k2 of 'pI'

        rAma[ne]  phala[0] kATa[kara]         pAnI[0] pI[yA]
            o        o       o                 o          o
            ^        ^       :\                ^          ^
            :        :       :  \              :    k2    :
            :        :  k2   :    \            :..........:
            :        :...<....      \   prec              :
            :                         \--------<----------:
            :                                             :
            .....................<........................:
                                   k1
      * The above can be redrawn as:

                pI[yA] (drink)
                   |
                   |
      .-------.------------.
      | k1    | k2         | precede
      |       |            |
  rAma[ne] pAnI[0]     kATa[kara] (cut)
  (Ram)     (water)        |
                           |
                           | k2
                           |
                         phala
                         (fruit)
..........................................NEXT PREVIOUS INDEX