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L01 GrmFrm: Dependency trees: Modifier-modified trees Dependency Trees: Modifier-modified Trees o We have seen nouns and verbs. (More exactly, nominal expressions and action verbs.) - How do we show relationships amongst them in a sentence ? In other words, how do we show the meaning of a sentence ? * Modifier-modified trees are used to represent the meaning of sentences. Major types given below. o MODIFICATION OF NOUN - INTRACHUNK (1): - ADJ-NOUN MODIFICATION (WITH NOUN AS HEAD) (1.1): + Expression: red block + Representation: block | | nmod [intra-chunk] | red - 'block' is the head or the modified - 'red' an adjective is its modifier - 'nmod' or noun modification is a type of modification (by an adjective here) - NOUN-NOUN MODIFICATION (1.2): + Expr: oil pump + Repr: pump | | nmod [intra-chunk] | oil - 'pump' is the head or the modified - 'oil' is a noun and is its modifier - 'nmod' or noun modification is a type of modification (by a noun here) o NOUN-VERB MODIFICATION (WITH NOUN AS ARGUMENT OF VERB) (2): - This is the usual case, where noun is an argument or participant in the action denoted by the verb. + Expr: He lifted the red block + Repr: lift | | .----------. varg__k1 | | varg__k2 | | he block | nmod [intra-chunk] | red - 'he' is argument of 'lift', - 'red block' is also an argument of 'lift'. - k1 means doer/karta, k2 means patient/karma o VERB-VERB MODIFICATION WITH VERB AS ARGUMENT (3): + Expr: The robot said that he lifted the red block + Repr: say [PAST] | | .--------. k1 | | k2 | | robot lift [PAST] | .---------. k1 | | k2 | | he block | nmod [intra-chunk] | red - 'lift' action is the karma/patient of 'say' -------------------------------------------- * Types of relations for verb modification vmod / \ / \ / \ varg vad /\..\ |..\ / \ \ | \ / \..\ | .. \ k1 k2 kx timep purpose - vmod stands for varg or vad - varg stands for any of the karakas * More explicit way of writing: k1 --> varg__k1 kx stands for a karaka other than k1, k2, k4. -------------------------------------------- o VERB-NOUN MODIFICATION (WITH NOUN AS HEAD) (4): - PARTICIPLES (VERBAL ADJECTIVES) (4.1): + Expr: The running deer + Repr: deer | | nmod [k1-INV] | running - nmod means that a noun is being modified (Here, verb modifies a noun) - Here 'deer' is k1 of 'run'. (Written as k1-INVerse) + Expr: The eaten apple + Repr: apple | | nmod [k2-INV] | eat - Here 'apple' is k2 of 'eat'. (Written as k2-INVerse) - RELATIVE CLAUSE (4.2): + Expr: The deer who ran from the river bank. + Repr: deer | | nmod [k1-INV] | run[PAST] | | k5 | bank | | nmod | river o VERB-VERB MODIFICATION (5): + Expr: Having grasped the block, the robot placed it on the table. + Repr: place | .------.-----.-------. | | | | vad | |k1 | k2 | k7-on __timep| | | | | robot it table grasp | | k2 | block - 'vad' or v-adjunct shows that 'grasp' modifies 'place'. - 'timep' says that grasp-action precedes placing-action. o VERBAL NOUN AS ARGUMENT OF A VERB (6): + Expr: Ram did not like robot's picking up of the block. + Repr: not-like | | .---------. k1 | | k2 | | Ram pick [INF] | .----------. k1 | | k2 | | robot block - Contrast with (3). Ex.: Ram did not like that robot picked up the block...........................................NEXT PREVIOUS INDEX